1. By explaining whether the study is pre-experimental (cross-sectional, one-shot case study, and longitudinal), experimental (control group with pretest and posttest, posttest only, or four-group design), or quasi-experimental (comparing one group to itself at different times or comparing two different groups)
2. By indicating what the researchers report about limitations of the study
3. By explaining concerns you have regarding internal validity and the ability of the study to draw conclusions about causality
4. By explaining any concerns you have about the generalizability of the study (external validity) and what aspect of the research design might limit generalizability
