The Contribution of Energy Systems in Repeated-Sprint Protocols: The Effect of Distance, Rest, and Repetition

Research Paper Summaries
1. Select a peer-reviewed scientific paper from the last 5 years relating to skeletal muscle or biochemistry & metabolism.
2. Read the paper (see infographic attached) and take the time to comprehend the research and conclusions thoroughly.
3. Write a summary of the research article in 2-3 pages using the following components:

  • 1. State the research question and explain why it is interesting.
  • 2. State the hypotheses tested.

3. Briefly describe the methods (design, participants, materials, procedure, what was manipulated [independent variables], what was measured [dependent variables], how data were analyzed.
4. Describe the results and the the key implications.
5. Summarize and interpret the results as related to the hypothesis.
4. Highlight, or bold, components of the paper summary derived from content you learned in this class.

The KIN department has a strict policy against retroactive extra credit. So, for example, if you have a C in the course there is nothing you can “do to pull up you grade.” Exams and quizzes are curved. A request to “do extra credit to pull up” your grade can result in removal of the curve from your quizzes and exams.
Grading Schema

  • Grade Range %
  • A+ 97%+
  • A 90-96%
  • B+ 87-89%
  • B 80-86%
  • C+ 77-80%
  • C 70-76%
  • D 60-69%
  • F 0-59%

EXAM 1
1. Know the gross structure and levels of organization of skeletal muscle.
2. Be able to describe what a skeletal muscle consists of and the amount of protein that is insoluble versus soluble.
3. Know the anatomy of the sarcomere.
4. Be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages of muscle fiber arrangement (pennation vs. fusiform).
5. What are satellite cells and explain their function during muscle adaptation and regeneration after injury,
6. Know the order of the events of excitation =-contraction coupling; be able to explain it in essay form.
7. Know the steps of the cross bridge cycle and be able to describe the role of ATP, calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, actin and myosin.
8. Describe the reflex associated with the two types of muscle spindles.
9. Define the different afferent neurons associated with the muscle spindles
10. How does the stretch reflex relate to muscle tone and muscle force production regarding muscle length?
11. Understand, in detail, the key differences in the three major muscle fiber types (metabolic and physiological differences).
12. In muscle fiber typing, how is electrophoresis different than immunohistochemistry?
13. How does resistance training increase myofibrillar protein?
14. Be able to describe, in essay form, the process of myofibrillar hypertrophy and the role of AKT/mTOR.
15. Be able to describe, in essay form, the process of sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and the role of AMPK and the influence on PG1C-alpha, FOX-0 and NFAT.
16. Describe the role of the Renshaw cell, and differentiate between EPSPs and IPSPs.
17. Know the AMPK influence on GLUT-4, fatty acid uptake, metabolism, and angiogenesis.
18. What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organs? How doe they related to “myofascial release.”
19. How do all forms of muscular activity tend to cause an individual muscle fiber to change?
20. Discuss training strategies to increase muscle mass & strength and the evidence to support these.
21. Describe the flexor withdrawal and cross-extensor reflex.
22. Know the difference between qualitative versus quantitative changes in fiber type.
23. Sprint-type training causes a fast-slow muscle fiber type shift; sprint-type training causes a slow-fast muscle fiber type shift. How are both of these statements correct?
24. Predict the immunohistochemical differences in muscle fiber type among a couch potato, sprinter, SCI patient, and marathon runner.
25. Explain molecular mechanisms that regulate the identity of satellite cells and their differentiation into muscle fibers.
26. How does increased training usually influence fiber phenotype? What about detraining, disuse, or denervation?

EXAM 2:
27. What is energy?
28. What are the first two laws of thermodynamics?
29. Be able to differentiate between exergonic and endergonic reactions and give two, common, cellular examples of both.
30. Define oxidation and reduction.
31. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
32. What is the Q10 relationship related to enzyme activity and temperature?
33. What enzyme acts as an intracellular energy sensor?
34. Why is the ATP/AMP ratio the major adenine nucleotide relationship that indicates cellular metabolism?
35. Why is maximal power sustained, typically, for less than 20 seconds?
36. Be able to show the coupled reaction performed by creatine kinase.
37. Be able to write out the TCA cycle (enzymes, substrates, and products) and the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation).
38. How many grams of glucose and glycogen exist in the typical person?
39. Be able to describe how insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs.
40. How does glucose uptake occur in skeletal muscle during exercise when insulin release is attenuated?
41. Know the basic steps of glycogen synthesis.
42. How are liver and muscle glycogen different?
43. Be able to write out glycolysis.
44. How many net ATPs are generated by glucose and glycogen during fast and slow glycolysis?
45. How many ATPs can be made from lactate?
46. Where is lactate metabolized?
47. What is the difference, as described in class, between lactate threshold and anaerobic threshold? At what intensities do they usually occur in trained individuals?
48. Why is lactate formed and why, if lactate wasn’t produced, would fatigue occur sooner?
49. What three substrates can be used for gluconeogenesis and where does it occur?
50. What are the enzymes that are different in gluconeogenesis from glycolysis?
51. Be able to describe, both, the glucose-alanine cycle and the Cori Cycle.
52. What is lipolysis and be able to describe the activation of hormone sensitive lipase by epinephrine?
53. How does fat get oxidized, from the adipocyte to the muscle?
54. Be able to describe how many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of fatty acids and explain beta oxidation.
55. How is glucose turned to fat and what type of fat is made each time?
56. Where does fatty acid synthesis occur (mainly)?