Module 4 Introduction

Module 4 explores several topics of importance to the human services practitioner. The first of these is the family and social support system of elder individuals. Longer life expectancy increases the potential for people at all stages of the life course to experience intergenerational family ties. For example, because more generations are alive at the same time, great-grandparents may live to interact with their great-grandchildren. Marital status, sibling relationships, and parent-child relationships all affect the elder’s quality of life. Family conflicts are common and can result in divorce and estrangement. Surprisingly, divorce rates among older Americans have risen. One other noteworthy trend in the family system concerns an increase in the number of grandparents who are raising their grandchildren. This trend increases the need for specialized social services because of the difficult circumstances under which most grandparents gain custody of grandchildren.

The second important topic for human services professionals who provide family services concerns living arrangements for elders. Most older people prefer to stay in their own homes as they grow old, a phenomenon known as “aging in place.” While the goal of aging in place is independent, safe, and comfortable living arrangements, many elders live alone and are far from grocery stores and medical care. This can increase the likelihood of social isolation and health problems like malnutrition, and possible premature death. While expensive, supportive housing options are more plentiful, and the trend is towards community support rather than nursing homes.

The third topic of interest to the human services professional concerns labor force participation and retirement issues. Quadagno observes that many factors affect labor force participation and retirement, including race, gender, social class, health insurance benefits, and retirement packages. Satisfaction with retirement depends on health, wealth, and where one lives. Retirees are more likely to volunteer to give back to the community.

Module Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:

  • M4.LO1: Identify consequences associated with an increased life expectancy.
  • M4.LO2: Explain the concept of aging in place.
  • M4.LO3: Identify factors that affect one’s ability to retire.

Learning Activities & Assignments

  1. Chapter 8: Family Relationships and Social Support Systems
  2. Chapter 9: Living Arrangements
  3. Chapter 10: Work and Retirement
  4. Discussion: Social Isolation and Aging
  5. Chapter 8 Concept Review
  6. Chapter 9 Concept Review
  7. Chapter 10 Concept Review
  8. Mid-Term Exam