Humanities Referencing Quick Guide 2019-2020
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The University of Roehampton Humanities referencing uses a very common author – date – page schema that is used very widely in many different academic contexts.
Referencing consists of two parts:
a) In-text citation – used in the body of your assignment to show where you got your information, noting the exact pages, where appropriate. The citation specifies only the surname, date and the page(s).
b) Bibliography – a list of resources you have cited, providing for each one a bibliographic entry giving all the publication information for that item.
In-text citation format
There are two different formats, depending on context. In one, where you need to draw attention to the author’s name explicitly in your text, only the date and page are in brackets, e.g. Babatunde (2002: 27-29). In the other, where the name is not so important, the entire reference is parenthesised, e.g. (Ramachandran, 2016: 211-228). In the examples below, only the fully parenthesised versions are given.
This guide shows you some examples of the format for (a) in-text citations, and (b) bibliographic entries. We have included frequently asked questions. A full guide is available at: library.roehampton.ac.uk/referencing
Referencing examples table Source type In-text citation Page number(s) should always be given when you are speaking about an idea mentioned in a particular part of a source. Bibliographic entry One bibliographic entry is inserted into your bibliography for each source used, usually listed in alphabetical order by the author’s surname.
Book with author
👤👤
(Surname, Year: Pages)
(Jowett and O’Donnell, 2015: 23-25)
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Number edn – if not first edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Jowett, G.S. and O’Donnell, V. (2015) Propaganda & Persuasion. 6th edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Chapter in edited book
👤
(Surname of chapter author, Year: Pages)
(Butroyd, 2008: 26)
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of chapter, in Surname of editor, Initial. (ed. or eds.) Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Number edn – if not first edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. p. or pp. page numbers.
Butroyd, R. (2008) Relationships with children and young people, in Denby, N. (ed.) How to Achieve your QTS: A Guide for Students. London: Sage, pp. 25-46.
Note on editions: Please note that we use edn. not ed. (as above) which is used for “editor”.
Note on page numbers: The page numbers in your citation are where the ideas occur which you want to discuss. Page numbers only appear in the bibliographic entry where they are required to indicate the whole source, e.g. for a journal article or a paper
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e-Books Follow the format for the print book as above if it includes all the same elements. Follow the format for print book as above if it includes all the elements shown in the print version.
Website
(Surname/Corporate author, Year: Page – if available)
(BHF, no date)
Surname, Initial. /Corporate author (Year) Title of Webpage in Title Case and Italics. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
British Heart Foundation (no date) High Cholesterol. Available at: www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/risk-factors/high-cholesterol (Accessed: 20 July 2018).
Note: see the full guide for more examples.
Journal article
👤👤👤👤+
(Surname, Year: Pages)
(Ciulla et al., 2018: 11)
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article, Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, Volume(Issue), p. or pp. page numbers.
Ciulla, J. et al. (2018) Philosophical contributions to leadership ethics, Business Ethics Quarterly, 28(1), pp. 1-14. Online journal article Follow the format for the print article if it includes all the same elements. Follow the format for the print article as above if it includes all the same elements.
Online journal article with DOI
👤👤👤
(Surname, Year: Pages)
Levy, Ranjibar and Dean, 2006: 7)
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article, Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, Volume(Issue), p. or pp. page numbers. DOI
Levy, F. J., Ranjbar, A. and Dean, C. H. (2006) Dance movement as a way to help children affected by war, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 77(5), pp. 6-12. doi: 10.1080/07303084.2006.10597870
Note: If you see a DOI for the article, include it. See page 4 for more info on DOI
Is your URL link looooooooooooooooooooooooong?
A common mistake is copying the URL link from wherever you have found the article. If your URL link looks like below, it is the wrong link to use:
• https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=British+foundation+high+cholesterol&oq=British+foundation+high+cholesterol&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l2.11223j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
This is what the links should look like: • www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/risk-factors/high-cholesterol
Come and chat with us if you need more help with URL links
Visit the Learning Skills Hub on Moodle to find out about our drop-ins.
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Audio-Visual
Online videos (Youtube, Vimeo etc)
(Surname/username/organisation who posted the video, Year)
(TED, 2012)
Name of person/organisation posting video (Year video added) Title of Video in Title Case and Italics [Site of video hosting]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
TED (2012) Susan Cain: The Power of Introverts [YouTube]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4 (Accessed: 7 June 2014).
Note: video referencing can be complex – see the full guide.
Film, viewed online
(Film title in Title Case and Italics, year of distribution)
(Black Panther, 2018)
Title of Film in Title Case and Italics (Year of distribution) Directed by Initial. Surname. Available at: Name of service (Accessed: dd Month yyyy)
Black Panther (2018) Directed by R. Coogler. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 10 May 2019).
Reports
Reports from organisations
(Author/Name of organisation, Year)
(United Nations, 2015)
Author/Name of organisation or company (Year) Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher *or* Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy). United Nations (2015) Human Development Report 2015. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
For more formats, such as DVD, government reports and images, see the full Humanities referencing guide on library.roehampton.ac.uk/referencing
Secondary referencing 👤 📙—–> 👤 Secondary referencing – is citing a source within a source. It is whenever you cite a work you haven’t read the original version of, and you have only seen quoted in a source you have read. Avoid secondary referencing where possible. Reading the original source is recommended.
Source type
In-text citation
Bibliography
Book
(Surname of person you are quoting, Year, cited in Surname of author of the book/article you have read, Year: Pages)
(Burt, 1975, cited in Pringle, 1986: 96)
Surname, Initial of Author of the book you read (Year) Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Number edn – if not first edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Pringle, M.K. (1986) The Needs of Children. 3rd edn. London: Routledge.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
When do I use page numbers?
Page numbers should always be given when you are speaking about an idea mentioned in a particular part of a source. The only time you would omit these is when you are referring to the entire work in very general terms, e.g. “recent publications in this general subject area include Smith (1997) and Jones (2002).” Otherwise you should always include page numbers, e.g. “for a useful discussion of the role of the state, see Jones (2002: 22-23).” Can I include more than one source in my in-text citation?
You may refer to multiple sources in one citation. Use semi-colons to separate the sources and put them in the order of publication, the earliest first. If more than one work was published in the same year, list it alphabetically by author/editor.
Example: A number of studies (Spivak, 1988: 17; Butler, 1990: 78; Haraway, 1991: 36).
Note that if one author mentions an idea in several different publications, you do not have to repeat their name, e.g. “(Spivak, 1988: 17; 2012: 63; 2016: 22-29)” How do I create an in-text citation for a source with multiple authors?
👤 One author
Example: In an important theory on the subject by Ranganathan (1985) …
👤👤 Two authors
Example: Recent research in this field (Holmes and Watson, 2015) …
👤👤👤+ Three authors
Example: …as demonstrated in the work (Levy, Ranjibar and Dean, 2018)
👤👤👤👤+ Four authors and more – cite the first name listed in the source followed by et al. written in italics.
Example: … as shown by the research (Ciualla et al., 2018) What is the format for multiple authors in a bibliographic entry?
Write out the name of all the authors in the following format:
👤 One author Surname, Initial. (Year) …
👤👤 Two authors Surname, Initial. and Surname, Initial. (Year) …
👤👤👤 Three authors Surname, Initial., Surname, Initial, and Surname, Initial. (Year) …
👤👤👤👤+ Four authors and more Surname, Initial., et al. (Year) …
Note: see examples in the citation and reference tables above What is a DOI?
DOI stands for direct object identifier. It is a persistent link for a source, meaning that it never changes and should always lead you back to the source (whereas URL web links might change or lead to an error page). Because of this, you do not need to add an access date when including a DOI.