Briefly identify and discuss bones of the appendicular and axial skeletons. Briefly identify and discuss the microscopic structures of compact bone. Write your responses in a minimum of 250 words in APA format.

/in /by

OVERVIEW OF SKELTON

Week 4 Discussion Lab June 23
Exercise 8 Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages.

Student Discussion Assignment
1. Briefly identify and discuss bones of the appendicular and axial skeletons.
2. Briefly identify and discuss the microscopic structures of compact bone.
Write your responses in a minimum of 250 words in APA format

Evaluate the similarities and differences between cartilage and bone; include the organic and inorganic compounds found in each. Analyze the role the endocrine system plays in the growth and remodeling of bone, including all the hormones and sites of action.

/in /by

Week 4 Discussion Class

Bone Remodeling
Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research about bone remodeling. Based on your research and understanding, respond to the following:
• Analyze the bone remodeling process and the minerals involved in that process.
• Distinguish among the twelve common bone markings and provide examples of in which bones and locations those markings are found.
• Evaluate the similarities and differences between cartilage and bone; include the organic and inorganic compounds found in each.
• Analyze the role the endocrine system plays in the growth and remodeling of bone, including all the hormones and sites of action.

Describe the current research that supports how stress contributes to the effects of the disorder. How does your chosen stress-related disorder affect short- and long-term health? Consider impact on endocrine, nervous and other body systems. What can be done to prevent and/or treat your chosen stress-related disorder?

/in /by

Stress-related disorder

Choose one of the disorders below to research.

  • Depression
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
  • Breast Cancer
  • Headache

Describe the current research that supports how stress contributes to the effects of the disorder (3 or 4 well-developed paragraphs).

How does your chosen stress-related disorder affect short- and long-term health? Consider impact on endocrine, nervous and other body systems (3 or 4 well-developed paragraphs).

What can be done to prevent and/or treat your chosen stress-related disorder? (2 or 3 well-developed paragraphs).

Draw conclusions about how to avoid these stress-related disorders (1 well-developed paragraph).

Assignment Expectations

Be sure to use APA formatting throughout your essay with 1-inch margins, 12-pt font, and double spacing throughout. Include a title page, introduction, answers to the questions with subtitles, and concluding paragraph. Remember to include in-text citations within the body of the essay referencing your resources (i.e., Murray, 2014). Also, be sure to include a reference section at the end of your assignment listing all required readings and any additional resources you used to complete your essay. See the Trident guide to APA Style, 7th edition.

Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks. Paraphrased ideas must give credit to the original author, for example (Murray, 2014). Direct copying from “homework help” websites will not receive credit. Once you have completed your assignment within a Word document, please upload your final version to the Case 2 Dropbox. Also note your Turnitin originality score and make revisions as needed. Contact your instructor with any questions.

 

After reviewing the protocol above, what terms have you heard of before? After reviewing the protocol above, what terms are unfamiliar to you? What samples are typically collected from patients suspected of coronavirus exposure? Name three sources of nucleic acids you expect to find in a patient sample.

/in /by

The Power of a Test

Diagnostic Testing
For weeks, Marcus had been checking the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website in the evenings after work. The virus, referred to as SARS-CoV-2, was spreading across the globe and seemed to be taking hold in the United States, with cases of the associated respiratory disease COVID-19 increasing daily. The World Health Organization (WHO) had officially classified the outbreak as a pandemic, and large numbers of cases were being reported in the state where Marcus lived.

When he arrived for work this morning, the laboratory director, Dr. Elaine Cordozo, called an emergency staff meeting. When everyone had gathered in the conference room, she made an announcement. “Working with our state’s health department, we have been given the important job of serving as a sample processing and testing laboratory for COVID-19 infection. We will begin preparations for conducting this testing immediately and will commence testing of patient samples as soon as possible.”

The next several days were a blur for Marcus and his colleagues. They worked quickly to get the laboratory testing set up. Finally, the day arrived that they would commence with COVID-19 diagnostic testing.

How does COVID-19 testing work? How do healthcare professionals make a diagnosis of COVID-19 infection? Let’s follow Marcus through the process.

Read the following graphic article to learn about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and how it infects the human body:
• Corum, J. and C. Zimmer. 2020. How coronavirus hijacks your cells. The New York Times.
<https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/11/science/how-coronavirus-hijacks-your-cells.html>

Watch this video to learn about the COVID-19 testing process:
• The Jackson Laboratory. 2020. COVID-19 testing process. Running time: 1:15 min.
<https://youtu.be/ORRLyCZpIus>

Carefully read the CDC test protocol outlined in Table 1 below to learn about how SARS-CoV-2 is detected after the sample is collected from the patient and received by the clinical lab:


Stage 3 Data analysis To generate diagnostic report
Analyze graphs of quantitative PCR results (fluorescence data and PCR cycle number) for each sample to determine if it is SARS-CoV-2 virus positive, negative, or ambiguous. The fewer cycles it takes to detect, the more abundant the viral genome is in the sample. Cycle number and level of fluorescence all contribute to interpreting results as strong positives, strong negatives, or ambiguous.

Questions
1. After reviewing the protocol above, what terms have you heard of before?
2. After reviewing the protocol above, what terms are unfamiliar to you?

Read the following graphic article to learn about the SARS- CoV-2 genome:
• Corum, J. and C. Zimmer. 2020. Bad news wrapped in

protein: inside the coronavirus genome. The New York Times.
<https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/03/science/coronavirus-genome-bad-news-wrapped-in-protein.html>

Let’s take a closer look at the equipment used and at each stage of the protocol to better understand how a sample is processed and analyzed for COVID-19.

General Equipment Used for Sample Preparation
The essential molecular biology equipment used in a diagnostic lab is depicted in Figure 1. After individual patient samples arrive at the diagnostic lab, they are processed in small tubes stored on tube racks. Micropipettors are used to draw up liquid solutions used in the various steps of this protocol. Multiple samples can be handled in parallel together on microplates to save time. These plates can hold 96 different samples, and are loaded onto a special PCR machine used for the amplification and detection of the target sequence.

Questions
3. What samples are typically collected from patients suspected of coronavirus exposure?
4. Name three sources of nucleic acids you expect to find in a patient sample.

What types of samples might be collected from patients to use for laboratory testing? What are some examples of situations where a doctor might order a lab test to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a patient?

/in /by

Lab Extra Credit Case Study

The Clinical Laboratory
Marcus stepped out of his car and into the sunshine, ready to head into the hospital for another day of work in the molecular diagnostics laboratory. Having graduated six months ago from college, he felt very fortunate to have found a great job that would give him valuable experience until he was ready to apply to medical school. Marcus had majored in biology and spent his senior year working in a research lab studying the genes that control early embryonic development in zebrafish. In his current job, he was studying genes again, but this time for a completely different purpose: to find genetic changes in patient DNA that could be contributing to their disease. Entering the laboratory wing of the hospital, Marcus thought, Working in the molecular diagnostics lab sure is different from when I was doing experiments in the research lab!

What made Marcus think that? What exactly is a molecular diagnostics lab, and how does it differ from a research lab? A molecular diagnostics laboratory is just one of several types of laboratories that exist in hospitals. These laboratories are also referred to as medical laboratories, or clinical laboratories. The term “clinical” refers to the actual diagnosis and
treatment of patients.

The following resources may help you to answer the questions below.

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Tests used in clinical care.
<https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/vitro-diagnostics/tests-used-clinical-care>

• American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC). Where lab tests are performed.
<https://labtestsonline.org/articles/where-lab-tests-are-performed>

• American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC). Collecting samples for laboratory testing.
<https://labtestsonline.org/articles/collecting-samples-laboratory-testing>

Questions
1. What types of samples might be collected from patients to use for laboratory testing?
2. What are some examples of situations where a doctor might order a lab test to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a patient?

There are many rules and regulations in place in order for a clinical laboratory to conduct testing. All clinical laboratories are regulated by the government, through the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, or CLIA. All clinical laboratories must be CLIA-certified. To obtain certification, a laboratory needs to provide evidence that the tests that they perform meet quality control standards, that the personnel performing the tests are adequately trained, and that the equipment being used for the test is functioning correctly and is properly calibrated.
The following resources may help you to answer the questions below.

• American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA).
<https://www.aafp.org/practice-management/regulatory/clia.html>

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA).
<https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/ivd-regulatory-assistance/clinical-laboratory-improvement-amendments-clia>

• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). How to obtain a CLIA certificate.
<https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/Downloads/HowObtainCLIACertificate.pdf>

Questions
3. Why does the government regulate clinical laboratories? Why is CLIA certification required?
4. How does the work of a clinical laboratory differ from the experiments being conducted in a research laboratory? Why don’t research laboratories have to comply with CLIA regulations?

Review the information about plagiarism in the Student Catalog. Compose ideas in their own words, and only use text from other sources as a minor supplement.

/in /by

Military Life/ Civilian life

The paper will be a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 6 pages long not including a title and reference pages.

A minimum of three APA-style references must be included in the paper. There should be an APA-format references page at the end of the presentation. Additionally, in-text citations should be included when appropriate. Reputable resources include peer-reviewed journal articles, textbooks, interviews with clinicians who deal with these pathologies on a daily basis, personal experiences, class lectures, and other scientific sources.

The student should use a font size of 12, Times New Roman, and double-spaced throughout. The paper should be written with the text aligned to the left margin with 1” margins.
Students should review the information about plagiarism in the Student Catalog. Any copying of information from another source without giving proper credit through a citation will be met with severe consequences. In line with this, however, the entire presentation should not be directly copied from other sources. The student is expected to compose ideas in their own words, and only use text from other sources as a minor supplement.

The assignment should be submitted through the Dropbox in Canvas on or before the assigned due date. Refer to the late policy for late submissions.

What is the functional relationship between the integumentary and skeletal systems? Describe the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and explain why it is considered a multifactorial disease. How do current therapies address these failures to maintain homeostasis and ameliorate the effects of osteoporosis?

/in /by

Integumentary and skeletal systems

1.What is the functional relationship between the integumentary and skeletal systems?

2.How does failure to maintain homeostasis in the integumentary system affect bone formation and remodeling processes? Be sure to discuss how the different types of bone cells respond to different factors (e.g., ions, hormones, cellular signaling molecules, etc.) and what the driving force behind maintaining homeostasis in the bone remodeling process.

3.Describe the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and explain why it is considered a multifactorial disease.

4. How do current therapies address these failures to maintain homeostasis and ameliorate the effects of osteoporosis?

Explain what a social construct is. Explain how “race” is a social construct.

/in /by

Race is social construct

Essay Question: Explain what a social construct is. Explain how “race” is a social construct.

Select a disease from current events that is an emerging or reemerging concern to you or people in your area. Provide local epidemiological data for the disease.

/in /by

Mutiple Sclerosis-Muscular System

Pick a disease for your pathophysiology paper. Select a disease from current events that is an emerging or reemerging concern to you or people in your area. Provide local epidemiological data for the disease.

What endocrine organ normally produces the hormone being replaced? What organ(s) will be most directly impacted/targeted by this drug? What will that organ do as a result of exposure to this drug?

/in /by

Pharmaceutical Therapies & the Endocrine System

Below you will find pictures of 10 endocrine system-related drugs. You will pick any two(2) of these drugs to research. Your choice! For each of the 2 drugs, you investigate, record the following to submit here.

1. The generic name of the active chemical in the drug (not always the same as the name on the label!)

2. The main disease or condition for which the drug is used

3. What endocrine organ normally produces the hormone being replaced? (if the drug is a copy of an existing hormone…if not, you can disregard it)

4. What organ(s) will be most directly impacted/targeted by this drug?

5. What will that organ do as a result of exposure to this drug?

See document uploaded to see drugs.