Why are natural killer cells considered to be part of the innate immune response? What types of cells do natural killer cells act against? Describe the process whereby natural killer cells kill other cells and the role of macrophages in the process.

/in /by

Natural killer cells

Shanice was a vibrant 16-year-old who was enjoying her high school years. As a good student, she loved attending school and woke every morning eager to start the day. A popular girl, she was surrounded by many friends who all enjoyed each other’s company.

From an early age, Shanice had been susceptible to recurrent viral and bacterial infections. No matter what she tried, she tended to have numerous infections every year which put a damper on some of her social activities.

Recently, she had been experiencing recurrent lung infections, spending a week in the hospital with pneumonia and recurrent herpes viral infections. Concerned over these recurrent infections, Shanice was sent to an immunologist for further consultation.

Tests were performed to evaluate the number and activities of her B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells. Results showed that Shanice had low numbers and decreased activity of her natural killer cells.

Keep in mind that natural killer cells are part of the innate immune response.

Deliverables

Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource to support your answers.

Why are natural killer cells considered to be part of the innate immune response?
What types of cells do natural killer cells act against?
Describe the process whereby natural killer cells kill other cells and the role of macrophages in the process.
The Immunologist cautioned Shanice that she may be more susceptible to virally induced cancers. Why did the Immunologist state this?
What treatments or other options does Shanice have to counteract the natural killer cell deficiency?

Describe all the constituents contained in plasma and their concentrations. Explain the liver’s role in production of proteins. Why would albumin be important in regulating pressure at the capillaries? Explain the process of fluid movement at both the arterial and venous side of the capillary.

/in /by

Case study 3

Betty was an active 24 year-old with a good job at the local University. She helped students navigate the complexities of the FAFSA application process to access monies for their educations. Betty loved her job and attended all of the graduation ceremonies as a final send-off of the students to their dream lives.

In September, Betty started to feel tired and had a low-grade fever. She also experienced some nausea and stomach pain. Worried that she was developing a stomach virus, she stayed at home that weekend and tried to get as much rest as possible. She turned to soft foods to decrease the stomach distress. By Monday, she was feeling a little better and hoped she was on the mend.

However, later in the week, her joints started hurting and her leg muscles were sore. She couldn’t think of anything she had done differently that would account for the muscle soreness and joint pains. She chalked that up to sleeping wrong.

A few months later, the fatigue and weakness returned and she noticed that her hair was breaking easily and thinning, and that she was developing swelling in her legs and face. She also had dry skin and craved eggs and cottage cheese. Betty couldn’t get enough of these two foods. Fearing that something serious may be wrong, Betty scheduled an appointment with her physician.

Her physician ran a battery of tests to determine that Betty was suffering from a hepatitis C virus and was experiencing hypoproteinemia. In particular, her albumin levels were low.

Based on what you’ve learned about blood flow, the liver’s role in production of proteins, and pressure at the capillaries, address the following questions.

Deliverables

Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource to support your answers.

Describe all the constituents contained in plasma and their concentrations.
Explain the liver’s role in production of proteins.
Why would albumin be important in regulating pressure at the capillaries?
Explain the process of fluid movement at both the arterial and venous side of the capillary.
What can Betty do to improve her situation?

What are the four valves found in the heart and where are they located? Give all names for each valve. What is a mitral valve prolapse and what causes this in Marfan’s syndrome specifically?

/in /by

Heart

Janet was the tallest person in her family. Her brother used to joke with her and tell her she could play Abraham Lincoln in any play because she was tall and lanky just like good old Abe.

Janet was the star center on her high school basketball team. She had always been tall with big hands and long fingers, perfect for snagging the ball on rebounds. Recently, Janet had begun wearing contact lenses because she was having trouble seeing the hoop clearly. The optometrist had diagnosed her with nearsightedness, something that her parents also experienced.

Recently, while practicing basketball with her high school team, Janet experienced some pain in her chest. She mentioned this to her coach, but since it was the beginning of the season and they had recently started practicing, the coach assumed that she had pulled or overworked a muscle. The coach suggested that she take some Tylenol and apply ice to her chest to relieve the pain.

Five minutes in to their first game of the season, Janet experienced dizziness and motioned for the coach to take her out. As she walked to the bench, she lost consciousness and passed out. The referees couldn’t feel a pulse and started CPR while waiting for the paramedics and ambulance to arrive.

When Janet came to, she was in a hospital bed in CCU of the local hospital. The doctors advised her that she likely had a disease called Marfan’s syndrome. As a result of that disease she had experienced cardiac arrest and that she had a mitral valve prolapse.

Deliverables

Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource to support your answers.

What are the four valves found in the heart and where are they located? Give all names for each valve.
What is a mitral valve prolapse and what causes this in Marfan’s syndrome specifically?
What happens to blood flow (specifically) with a mitral valve prolapse (where would the blood back up to and why)?
If a person were to have a prolapse of the tricuspid valve, what specifically would happen to the flow of blood in that case?
Do you think Janet will ever play basketball again? Why or why not?

Discuss which clotting factors the PT and PTT test evaluate and whether each test measures the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathways. Describe the common coagulation pathway.

/in /by

Coagulation

Jessie was a typical 2-year-old who liked to try and spread his wings. He would run and fall throughout the house. On several occasions, with minor falls, a bruise would develop on his legs or arms. Jessie’s parent would often worry about being reported for child abuse because of the easy bruising that Jessie experienced.

At three, Jessie would complain that his ankles hurt. This was especially true after a hectic day of running and playing with other kids at the playground. Jessie’s parents wondered if he was simply trying to get attention. Which he usually did being an only child.

When Jessie was four, he accidentally ran into a small tree, hitting his nose. The nose bled excessively. Jessie’s mother tried to stop the bleeding, first with paper towels, which Jessie soaked through quickly, and then with a cold washcloth. Nothing seemed to help. Nervous about the amount of blood that Jessie was losing, his parents rushed him to the emergency room.

The emergency doctor ordered some blood work that included a Prothrombin Time (PT)and a Thromboplastin Time (PTT) test for clotting deficiencies. The site of the venipuncture for the blood draw, also took some time to stop bleeding.

An hour after the blood draw, the physician returned to the ER room to discuss the test results. Jessie’s PT results were normal but his PTT results were abnormal with an extended clotting time. The PTT clotting time was much longer than normal indicating the Jessie may lack of or decreased levels of a clotting factor.

Provide a scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers.

Discuss which clotting factors the PT and PTT test evaluate and whether each test measures the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathways.
Describe the common coagulation pathway.
Based on Jessie’s test, which factor deficiency do you believe he has and why?
Jessie’s clotting factor disease is seen more often in males. Please explain why.
If both the PT and the PTT tests were abnormally long, which part of the coagulation pathway would be affected?

Define the three primary energy systems? What is the purpose of each? Where do they take place? What processes &/or cycles is aerobic metabolism composed of?

/in /by

The Three Primary Energy Systems

METABOLISM/ENERGY SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT
1. Define the three primary energy systems?
2. What is the purpose of each?
3. Where do they take place?
4. What processes &/or cycles is aerobic metabolism composed of?
5. How do they (processes, reactions, cycles, etc) work?
6. How much ATP is produced aerobically from each process/cycle/substrate?
7. Explain how energy systems impacts exercise and athletics?

Why do you write this paper and what are trying to achieve as a goal. Put a history.

/in /by

Breast Cancer

Research Paper Format
-Your Name
-Title of the paper
-Introduction : why do you write this paper and what are trying to achieve as a goal. Put a history.
-Discussion: Epidemiology, Anatomy, Physiology review, Physiopathology, pathology, and consequences if any, Treatment, research trial, comparison with the literature. Should include graphs and pictures in this section(discussion section) with their references.
-Conclusion
-References Minimum of 10 references

Describe the normal anatomy of the respiratory system that would be affected by asthma. Explain the process of normal inspiration and expiration and relate it to Boyle’s Law. Describe how asthma changes the normal anatomy and physiology. What does the term oxygen saturation refer to? What is the normal value?

/in /by

Evaluation Title: Respiratory Case Study

The respiratory system is responsible for making sure that the cells of the body have adequate oxygen in order to function as well as it is responsible for removing the cellular waste product carbon dioxide. If a disease process is present that affects the functioning of this system, the simple physiological processes will not occur at adequate levels.

Read the Respiratory Case Study
A patient with a chronic history of asthma develops new symptoms which include a headache, body aches, fever, and a dry cough. The patient also notes that they feel like they are having a change in their normal typical asthma symptoms and are struggling more than normal to breathe. The symptoms continue for a few days before they see their physician. Upon physical examination, the healthcare provider notices the following: temperature of 101.8°F, respiratory rate of 24 which is higher than the normal 16-20, audible wheezing, and oxygen saturation of 90%. The healthcare provider also performed a nasal swab and diagnosed the patient with Influenza. Treatment for the patient consisted of asthma medication and Corticosteroids.

Download the case study worksheet.
Answer the following questions, including detail and appropriate explanations:
Describe the normal anatomy of the respiratory system that would be affected by asthma.
Explain the process of normal inspiration and expiration and relate it to Boyle’s Law.
Describe how asthma changes the normal anatomy and physiology.
What does the term oxygen saturation refer to? What is the normal value?
What is the typical treatment for asthma and how does it improve asthma symptoms?
How do Corticosteroids help in the treatment of this patient?
What is the appropriate treatment for the diagnosis of Influenza?

Discuss the normal anatomy and physiology of the organ system involved (cell and tissue populations involved, organs, primary functions, connections to other body systems)

/in /by

This research paper is on Cardiovascular Disease. The article summary attached has to be used as one of the sources.

The Research Paper must include:
• Introduction to the disease and the organ system (history, signs, symptoms, epidemiology etc.)
• Discussion of the normal anatomy and physiology of the organ system involved (cell and tissue populations involved, organs, primary functions, connections to other body systems)
• Discussion of the changes to the anatomy and physiology as a result of the disease (pathophysiology)
• Discussion of treatment/prevention options
• 3 primary and at least 2 secondary scholarly sources

In your own words, briefly describe the major signs of inflammation and explain the mechanism that causes each one. Explain a process in which inflammation is beneficial in.

/in /by

Inflammation: Good or Bad?

Instructions
Inflammation is one of the body’s non-specific defense mechanisms that protects itself from foreign invaders. It is also a crucial step in the healing process. However, more recently inflammation has been linked to a number of chronic disease processes.

Complete the following steps for your discussion post and response.

Read the article: Hobson, K. (2017, July 21). Is Inflammation Bad for You or Good for You (Links to an external site.)? NPR. [Weblog post]
In your own words, briefly describe the major signs of inflammation and explain the mechanism that causes each one.
Explain a process in which inflammation is beneficial in.
Research and discuss a condition that chronic inflammation has been linked to.
In your opinion, for your selected condition which should be treated first: the inflammatory response or the cause of the inflammatory response? Support your opinion.
Be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.

Discuss the various biological steps that will take place in your body to extract the necessary nutrients like amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids from the food and make them available to the body cells.

/in /by

Identification of the Major Processes of the Digestive System

You decide to eat a given food. Discuss the various biological steps that will take place in your body to extract the necessary nutrients like amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids from the food and make them available to the body cells. Respond to 2 other students that have focused on how the body processes one of these nutrients.