Compose an essay tracing the path of protein nutrients throughout each part of the gastrointestinal tract and explain what would happen in each one of them.

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Gastrointestinal tract

Nutrients undergo several actions before they are taken in the blood then delivered to the body cells.

Compose an essay tracing the path of protein nutrients throughout each part of the gastrointestinal tract and explain what would happen in each one of them. Provide as many details as possible to develop a thorough picture of proteins’ destiny in the human body.

There are 3 different approaches to the development of a Covid -19 vaccine but each approach targets the spike protein on the virus. Biotech/Pfizer is the first to develop a vaccine with a 90% effective rate. What do you believe are some of the risks and benefits associated with vaccines?

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Covid 19

In the past, you have studied enzymes and proteins which are essential to maintaining homeostasis in all living organisms. In this discussion, we will be examining the development of three different vaccines for Covid-19, all of which block spike proteins , also known as antigens, on the surface of the virus. These vaccines also stimulate our body’s immune system to develop a protein called an antibody, to provide long-lasting protection from the virus. The immune system is one of the many different body systems that will have been exploring. It is important that we examine the difference between vaccine-induced herd immunity and natural herd immunity. Finally, we will question and challenge Sweden’s controversial attempt to establish Covid -19 natural herd immunity.

product that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease.

Watch this video about herd immunity and how it works to attempt to minimize the spread of infectious disease.

Watch this video about Sweden’s attempt to create natural herd immunity without vaccination.

Watch this video about the three different approaches to the development of a Covid- 19 vaccine.

What are your thoughts about Sweden’s approach to using natural herd immunity prior to the use of an approved vaccine? Why did the WHO (World Health Organization) disapprove of Sweden’s approach? How can such a high death rate be ethically justified?
There are 3 different approaches to the development of a Covid -19 vaccine but each approach targets the spike protein on the virus. Biotech/Pfizer is the first to develop a vaccine with a 90% effective rate. What do you believe are some of the risks and benefits associated with vaccines? Also, discuss some of the logistic difficulties of immunization.
Once the Pfizer vaccine receives emergency approval from the CDC (Note: approved summer 2021), there will be a huge disparity between supply and demand. Which groups of individuals should receive priority vaccine administration and why?
Now that the vaccine is available, will you get the vaccine or not? Explain the justification behind your decision. This discussion is not about the mandate or politics. Keep to the biology and scientific facts presented as a basis for your discussion.
After reading over the “Cliff Notes” from the VRBPAC committee, what are the three facts that were presented/discussed that surprised or stood out to you that you didn’t know? Share your detailed thoughts along with any questions you would ask the committee if you were present. Would any of this information sway your decision one way another in seeking a vaccine for your child? Again, this discussion is not about the mandate or politics. Keep to the biology and scientific facts presented as a basis for your discussion.

Determine the blood types of the four volunteers Determine whose blood can be donated to the patient and explain why the others can not be used.

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Blood type Lab report

Clinical scenario
A patient is being prepped for immediate surgery. Blood will be needed for a transfusion. The patient’s blood type is B+. However, the blood bank is out of compatible donor blood. Four nurses volunteer to donate blood so the blood bank has to determine whose blood can be used.

Introduction:
General background about blood types (ABO and Rh) noting antigens and antibodies for each
Brief explanation of how the testing works

Materials used:
4 3-well blood typing trays
4 volunteer “blood” samples (Brown, Smith, Jones, Green)
Anti-A antibody
Anti-B antibody
Anti-Rh antibody
12 stirring sticks

Procedure:
For each volunteer “blood” sample, put 2 drops of blood into three wells of one blood typing tray
Put two drops of Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-Rh antibodies in to the corresponding wells
Gently stir each well with a separate stick to prevent cross contamination
Agglutination (clumping) signifies a positive result, no agglutination is negative

Data:
Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh
Jones Neg Pos Neg
Smith Pos Neg Pos
Green Pos Pos Pos
Brown Neg Neg Neg

Conclusion:
Determine the blood types of the four volunteers
Determine whose blood can be donated to the patient and explain why the others can not be used.

Why would one see a Babinski sign rather than a normal sign? Why do you think this is not a first order neuron issue? Hint: What would you see (or not see) if the nerves were damaged?

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Case Study

A 25 year-old male involved in a motorcycle accident was brought to your ER. The patient complains of being unable to move his legs voluntarily.

The doctor orders a CT but the CT is currently out of commission so you must do some inductive reasoning. One thing you must determine is the severity and location of the patients lesion. You begin by scraping the bottom of their foot with the dull-pointed end of a reflex hammer starting at the heel moving to the small toe and then following the ball of the foot toward the big toe. The patients foot demonstrates a Babinskis sign.

Deliverables
Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers.

The term used for this condition (inability to move legs voluntarily) is called:
Name the parts of a basic reflex pathway.
Describe Babinsk sign and compare it to what a normal response would look like.
Why would one see a Babinski sign rather than a normal sign?
Why do you think this is not a first order neuron issue? Hint: What would you see (or not see) if the nerves were damaged?
Where along the spinal cord could you see a lesion in the CT for this patient?

How do patients’ racial, ethnic, gender, LGBTQ+ status, religious, and socioeconomic status impact access to healthcare, and treatment within the healthcare system?

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The Story Behind the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

Henrietta Lacks: science must right a historical wrong (from the scientific journal Nature)

Race and Socioeconomic Status Independently Affect Risk of Major Amputation in Peripheral Artery Disease (peer-reviewed research in the scientific journal, Journal of the American Heart Association)

We know from decades of peer-reviewed, evidence-based research, that disparities exist in healthcare that are not accounted for by socioeconomic status alone. [A recent example comes from the COVID-19 pandemic, where evidence shows that racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately represented among numbers of COVID-19 exposures, severe illness, hospitalization, and deaths -see the CDC, December 2020 (Links to an external site.)] It’s important to remember that these disparities are well-documented (especially among racial and ethnic minorities) – they are not opinions or anecdotes. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/racial-ethnic-disparities/index.html

 

1. How do patients’ racial, ethnic, gender, LGBTQ+ status, religious, and socioeconomic status impact access to healthcare, and treatment within the healthcare system?
2. Henrietta Lacks died in 1951, but her cancer cells are still alive (and being profited from) today. What changes have occurred that regulate human medical research studies?

What cellular structure is degenerating and rebuilding in MS? Does this explain the progression we see with the signs and symptoms? Explain why. When there are issues with the neural tissue like this, they will often look into the eye. Why?

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Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis

A 30 year-old female with multiple sclerosis (MS) has come for their routine check up with her neurologist. Her first signs and symptoms several years earlier. The symptoms were not concerning as it was only tingling sensations that were a mild discomfort. Those feelings also went away. It became worrisome when the sensation transitioned into pain and tingling. She began to lose coordination during each cycle, and over time she never fully recovered from the previous flare.

Deliverables

Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers.

What cellular structure is degenerating and rebuilding in MS?
Does this explain the progression we see with the signs and symptoms? Explain why.
When there are issues with the neural tissue like this, they will often look into the eye. Why?
Here are three early symptoms. that we might see in MS. Assign them to whether they are a part of the sensory, motor or autonomic nervous system. Afterward, try to describe how MS would cause these symptoms.
Dysarthria
Paresthesia
Constipation

What does this say about the metabolic demands for muscles, cartilage and bone? Why do you suppose that is?What tissue type can be found bridging the two halves of the once severed muscle bellies? Why?

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Case study: muscle

A 19-year-old male patient’s arm was severed at the distal forearm while working with a machine in his workplace. Both the limb and the patient was brought to the ER. When the severed limb was examined, it was noted that the tissue only received minor crush injuries at the site of amputation. After a long and arduous surgery reconnecting the muscles, nerves and blood supply the arm was replanted.

After years of therapy, the patient’s limb was salvaged with most functionality and sensitivity returned. Although very satisfied that the limb wasn’t lost, the patient notes that the functionality hasn’t been the same. The deformities to the limb at the site of amputation are also notable

Deliverables

Answer the following questions based on the scenario and article above and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers.

Name the muscles severed during the amputation event.If the patient were no longer to properly pronate his arm, which muscle do you think has been compromised?In general, a patient with a severed limb has a smaller window of time for successful replantation when compared with finger replantation surgery. This is in part due to the difference in tissue composition of the two anatomical structures. What does this say about the metabolic demands for muscles, cartilage and bone? Why do you suppose that is?What tissue type can be found bridging the two halves of the once severed muscle bellies? Why? (Hint: How do muscles grow, hyperplasia or hypertrophy?)

After identifying the different lymphatic vessels, discuss the relationship existing between the lymphatic and blood capillaries including how the lymph forms and circulates between the two systems.

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Types of lymphatic vessels

After identifying the different lymphatic vessels, discuss the relationship existing between the lymphatic and blood capillaries including how the lymph forms and circulates between the two systems. Respond with analysis of 2 other students initial posts.

Identify the areas in the nervous system involved with emotion. Explain how the different nervous systems (ANS, PNS, CNS, special senses) work together to influence a pupillary response.

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The Eye is Listening:

As noted by Gringas et all (2015), emotional stimulation has been known to lead to pupil dilation and contraction. For dilation of the pupils to occur during the listening of music, the special senses must work in conjunction with the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In addition, for this study to be physiological fact, the special senses and the ANS must work collectively with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS).

After the reading, answer the following questions:
Explain the pupillary light reflex.
Include a brief description of the procedure or reflex itself. Include the pathway of stimulation and the specific divisions of the nervous system involved with pupil constriction and pupil dilation.
Include the specific nerves involved as well as the specific muscles involved with pupil constriction and pupil dilation.
Explain the auditory pathway.
Include the structures in the ear that are stimulated from the start of the sound entering the ear to the neurological receptors in the inner ear.
Include the neurological pathway from the inner ear to the brain and any other areas sound information is sent to in the central nervous system.
In the article, they discussed changes to the pupil in response to emotion.
Identify the areas in the nervous system involved with emotion.
Explain how the different nervous systems (ANS, PNS, CNS, special senses) work together to influence a pupillary response.
Besides pupil dilation and pupil constriction, the ANS is responsible for changes in other organ systems.
Identify changes that occur in the body due to the sympathetic nervous system and changes that occur in the body due to the parasympathetic nervous system.

Discuss the assessment or test, including: Explain the procedure or test. Explain the relevant anatomy and/or physiology that the test is evaluating.

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Neurological Testing

Testing of the neurological system is very important to test if the system is working appropriately or to detect if there is a deficit in the nervous system. It can also be used to assess the progression of the disease that is present.

Instructions:
Research a few diagnostic tests or assessments that are used to measure neurological health.
Select one of the assessments or tests (unique from classmates) as the focus of your discussion.
Discuss the assessment or test, including:
Explain the procedure or test.
Explain the relevant anatomy and/or physiology that the test is evaluating.
Give an example of disease(s) that are diagnosed or monitored by this testing procedure.
If applicable describe an experience with the explained procedure. This could include personal experiences, family members, friends or those encountered in a professional manner. Experiences described can be anonymous.