ECoR1 is a restriction endonuclease .What does E ,co, R, 1 represent ? How can we make a cell competent to receive a foreign gene or DNA ?

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BIOTECHNOLOGY : PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS | Q&A❓️ | IMP.QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 11

BIOTECHNOLOGY :PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
1.Observe the figure given below :

  • (a) Identify the process
  • (b) Write the steps of this process 1 , 2 and 3
  • (c) What is a primer?
  • (d) Name the enzyme involved in this process .
  • (e) Give its use in r-DNA technology.

2.Given diagram shows a technique used in r-DNA technology.

  • (a) Identify the technique
  • (b)What is the purpose of this technique in r-DNA technology ?
  • (c) Name the stain used in this technique for visualizing DNA under UV-light.
  • (d) How can you visualize the separated DNA fragments in this technique ?
  • (e) What is elution ?

3..Observe the picture given below:

  • (a) Identify the instrument in the figure.
  • (b) Write any one use of this instrument.
  • (c) Label A,B.C and D.

4.Observe the following figure:

  • (a) Identify the figure.
  • (b) What does (i) rop (ii) Bam HI
  • (c) Identify the selectable markers present in it.
  • (d)Explain the significance of ori’

5.The given figure shows a sequence of DNA that can be cut down by restriction endonuclease.

  • a) Name the sequence.
  • b) Write down the name of restriction endonuclease, which recognises the above sequence.
  • c) Give its peculiarity.
6. ECoR1 is a restriction endonuclease .What does E ,co, R, 1 represent ?

7.How can we make a cell competent to receive a foreign gene or DNA ?

8.Match the items of column A with B A B

  • a) Cloning vector (i) Bioreactor
  • b) Separation of DNA fragments (ii) Taq polymerase
  • c) PCR (iii) Eectrophoresis
  • d) Converts raw materials into specific products.
    (iv) Hind II
    (v) p BR 322

9.Recombinant DNA technology is a complex process which involves several steps. Write down the major steps in recombinant DNA technology?

10. The discovery of restriction endonuclease is considered as milestone in the history of genetic engineering.

  • a) What are restriction enzymes ?
  • b) Which is the first discovered restriction endonuclease ?

11.Autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA is?

12.Differentiate endonuclease and exonuclease.

Are you getting the recommended amount of daily fiber (38 g /day for men; 25 g/day for women)? If yes, what are some foods that you eat that provide the most fiber. If not, what are foods that you can incorporate to help increase your fiber needs?

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Sugar, Fiber, and Calories

Your Tasks

Task 1- Food Log

You will keep a 3-day food log, where you will record the meals and snacks that you ate throughout each day. You can choose to track this using Cronometer or the provided Word document.

This week’s focus: carbohydrates, sugar, fiber, and calories.* You may record fat and protein; however, they are not required for this week.*

Please see the Everything You Need to Know About- DIETARY ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS page for more specific details on this process.

Task 2- Analysis

Please answer the following questions in complete sentences:

  • In regard to calories-
  • Did your calorie count surprise you? Why or why not?
  • What contributed the most to your calories?
  • In regard to carbohydrates (general)-

Links to an external site. carbohydrate intake during the 3 days? Was your carbohydrate intake within the daily range

  • What type of carbohydrate did you eat the most of? Fast-releasing (simple), starches, or fiber?
  • Reflect on the carbohydrates consumed this week. Did some keep you more satiated than others? Which ones?
  • In regard to fiber-
  • Are you getting the recommended amount of daily fiber (38 g /day for men; 25 g/day for women)? If yes, what are some foods that you eat that provide the most fiber. If not, what are foods that you can incorporate to help increase your fiber needs?
  • In regard to added sugars-
  • Were you surprised by your added sugar values?
  • Which foods contributed the most to these values?
  • Looking forward-
  • What are two foods that you can incorporate and/or swap in order to a) reduce calories; b) increase fiber; or c) reduce added sugar? Be creative!
  • Example- “I eat a lot of ice cream. One food swap that I can do is eating a half cup of fruit instead of a bowl of ice cream as an after-dinner treat in order to cut back on added sugar”.

 

Part two

Dietary Analysis Assignment 3: Fat, Cholesterol, and Protein

Your Tasks

Task 1- Food Log

You will keep a 3-day food log, where you will record the meals and snacks that you ate, along with their nutrients, throughout each day. You can choose to track this using Cronometer or the provided Word document

This week’s focus: fat, cholesterol, and protein

You may record calories and carbohydrates; however, they are not required for this week.

Please see the Everything You Need to Know About- DIETARY ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS page for more specific details on this process.

Task 2- Analysis

Please answer the following questions in complete sentences:

  • In regard to last week’s ‘challenge’-
  • Did you try some of your carbohydrate additions or replacements? If so, how did it go?
  • In regard to fat (general)-

Links to an external site. fat intake over the 3 days? Was your fat intake within the daily range

  • What did you eat the most of: saturated fat, trans fat, monounsaturated fat, or polyunsaturated fat?
  • Which foods contained the most fat? Were you surprised by the fat content of some of your foods? If yes, which ones surprised you?
  • Reflect on the fats consumed this week. Did some affect the way that you felt (i.e., mood, satiety, etc.)? Which ones?
  • In regard to cholesterol-
  • Links to an external site. cholesterol intake this week? Is this above or below the recommendation of less than 300 mg per day (200 mg if you are at risk for heart disease)? Any surprises?
  • Were there any foods that you ate that help in lowering cholesterol? If yes, what were they?
  • In regard to protein-
  • What was your average protein intake over the 3 days? Based on this average, are you meeting your recommended protein needs?
  • What are problems with diets that are low in protein? What are problems with diets that have excessive protein?
  • Would you say that the majority of your protein comes from animal- or plant-based sources?
  • How difficult would it be for you to switch to plant-based proteins? Why?
  • Looking forward-
  • How has learning about fat and protein affected your motivation to eat a healthier, more balanced diet?
  • What are two foods that you can swap in order to:
  • reduce saturated and/or trans fat;
  • increase monounsaturated and/or polyunsaturated fat;
  • reduce cholesterol;
  • reduce animal-based sources and/or increase plant-based sources;
  • increase protein intake (if protein intake was too low); or
  • decrease protein intake (if protein intake was too high)?

Part three

  • Discussion 4: Body Image
    Your Tasks
    Task 1- Original Post
    Please do the following in your original post:
  • Explain the influence that body image ideals have on eating disorders and other mental health disorders. (5 points)
  • Describe tactics for promoting healthy nutrition habits while avoiding an unhealthy concern/ over-obsession with nutrition? (5 points)
  • Briefly describe ways in which we can improve body image ideals in our society. (5 points)
  • The post must be at least 250 words. (2 points)
  • Include at least 1 outside reference, cited in APA format. This reference needs to be cited both in-text and at the end of the post in a reference list. (3 points)

 

Write a 100-200 word paragraph that includes the following: A description of the process you followed to determine the number of minutes you would need to exercise. Identify the source of the calorie information (name of website and URL).

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Cost of Junk Food

  • Think of your favorite junk food (this is the fun part!).
    1. Make sure you pick a food that you know is not healthy. This could be something you treat yourself with on occasion, or a food you only eat in your dreams – you choose!
    2. Be specific on the amount of the junk food you will pretend to eat/drink (e.g. 32 fluid ounces of a chocolate milkshake, 1 snickers bar (44 g/ 1.56 oz)
  • Research online for the nutrition facts of that food item to locate the total number of calories which come from that food.
    1. Record the name of the site & the URL where you found the information.

    2. Step 2: Analyze and Evaluate

      1. Think of your favorite way of being physically active (this should be fun too!).
        1. You should select a fun method of exercise (an activity which increases your heart rate) and ideally something that you already or would actually do.
        2. Example: My junk food is 1 slice of chocolate mousse cheesecake from the Cheesecake Factory. It has 1210 calories. Reference: The Cheesecake Factory Nutritional Guide (PDF) The Cheesecake Factory Nutritional Guide (PDF) – Alternative FormatsThe exercise I selected was rock climbing. According to Cronometer, for me this burns 225 kcal per 30 minutes. Obviously, I need to spend more than 30 minutes rock climbing to burn off all the cheesecake!
          Therefore, if I ate 1 slice of chocolate mousse cheesecake from the Cheesecake Factory I would have to spend 161 minutes or 2 hours and 41 minutes rock climbing to burn off the calories from the food.

          Step 3: Analyze & Explain

          1. Write a 100-200 word paragraph that includes the following
            1. A description of the process you followed to determine the number of minutes you would need to exercise. (The example above is a description of a process.)
            2. Identify the source of the calorie information (name of website and URL).
            3. A clear statement of the number of minutes of your exercise you would need to burn off the junk food you selected.
            4. An explanation of what you learned in this activity and/or how it will affect your junk food choices in the future.
            5. Write your paragraph on a Word document. Save the document to your computer as a back-up copy.

Do different colors of light the rate of photosynthesis?

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Photosynthesis

Do different colors of light the rate of photosynthesis?

Discuss the tools or diagnostic tests that are used to make the diagnosis. Explain, in general terms, how each tool or test works and how the data from the tool or test conveys the relevant information to the clinician about the body function or structure that is impacted by the disease.

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Final Part: Understanding Health and Disease

Part II: Evidence-based Diagnosis

Due Week 7

In this section, you will discuss the evidence that clinicians gather to diagnose the two diseases/disorders that you selected for Part 1. Use only credible sources for your Part II sources

Part II submission should include the following information for both diseases you chose in Part I:

(a) Signs and symptoms of the disease.

(b) Explain the effects of the disease on healthy body structure and function and how these effects relate to signs and symptoms.

(c) Discuss the tools or diagnostic tests that are used to make the diagnosis. Explain, in general terms, how each tool or test works and how the data from the tool or test conveys the relevant information to the clinician about the body function or structure that is impacted by the disease.

(d) For your Summary, discuss the following ideas:

– What differences and similarities exist between communicable and non-communicable diseases/disorders based on your choices?

– Risk factors

What are the risk factors for each of the diseases/disorders?
Are any of the risk factors in common?
Are any risk factors controllable? Why and how?
– How are the diagnostic tools or tests similar or different for the two diseases/disorders?

– Discuss at least one promising treatment or cure for each of the diseases/disorders you selected.

– Are there societal conditions that predispose these diseases/disorders to certain groups (think of race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender, age)? If a societal change is a cure (such as decreasing social injustice or less reliance on fossil fuels that pollute the environment), discuss any progress toward societal change.

 

(e) Written in your own words (less than 20% quoted material)

Keep in mind that longer does not always mean better. Good writing practices, including the use of correct grammar, punctuation, sentence, and paragraph structure, and a clear flow of thought, will account for a portion of your grade.

Why should your project idea receive funding? Why is your project idea needed? What are some obstacles to making your project a reality, and how would you overcome those obstacles?

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Biology Project – Removal of Methane gas using coal packing

A video recording of your presentation (100 pts). You can use Kaltura, Zoom, PowerPoint audio recording feature, or any video ( only voice )( no video) recording method that allows you to show your presentation slides. Google Slides are not permitted! There are errors with granting viewer permissions which will result in a low grade. Your project must include three main parts

1. Specific background information related to your final project idea. a. Do not simply reiterate the entire lecture! b. Cleary state the ecological application of your idea.

2. An explanation of your project idea. Specifically:

  • a. How does your project work/what is the intended impact?
  • b. How did you expand on your previous project idea? Expansion ideas include:

i. Providing more detail on how your idea works.

ii. A way to test your idea to make sure that it works (e.g., set up an experiment).

iii. Connecting with the general public/other stakeholders (any person who has an interest, or “stake”, in a project or policy idea) to promote your idea.

3. Why should your project idea receive funding? Consider:

  • a. Why is your project idea needed?
  • b. What are some obstacles to making your project a reality, and how would you overcome those obstacles?

Project Requirements:

1. Presentations must be between 6-8 minutes long. Be sure to stay within this timeframe!

  • a. If you are above or below this, I will deduct 10% from your grade.
  • b. Note: If you are speaking exceedingly fast or slow, have long pauses, or are otherwise trying to artificially alter your time, I will also deduct 10% from your grade.

2. Show your presentation slides. You do not need to be present.

  • a. Part of your grade involves the aesthetics of your slides, so make them look good.
  • b. Presentation slides should not be black text on a white background or vice versa.

3. Include a diagram showing your idea within your presentation. This can be a collection of images from the Internet, or your own original illustration.

4. Include your sources on a separate slide towards the end of your presentation, in APA 7th Ed format. In-text citations are not required.

 

What happened to the saltwater fish that was found in Lake Michigan? Explain what happened to the survivor fish that swam from the Gulf of Mexico to the freshwater lake.

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Osmosis

All cells contain a plasma membrane or cell membrane that forms the boundary of the cell. Among its many functions, it will act as the gatekeeper to regulate what materials can move into and out of the cell.

Water moves easily across this border. Water movement is essential for the cell to maintain homeostasis. The direction of water movement across the cell membrane is determined by the concentration of solute on either side. Water always moves to the side where a higher solute concentration exists. (Another way to think about this is that water will move from a higher water concentration to a lower one to make the concentrations equal on both sides of the membrane.) The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration is called osmosis.

In this activity, you will be given a practical example of osmosis in action. You will need to explain what is happening in your mini case study by answering the questions following the story. Use technical biological vocabulary (such as hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic, and solute concentration) to clearly answer the questions. Do the practice questions before looking at the case study.

Practice Questions:

  1. You have an artificial cell containing 35% glucose placed in a 15% glucose solution.  (Note: the cell is the circle; the rectangle is the solution.)
  2. Which way will the water move?
  3. Will the cell shrink, swell, or stay the same size?
  4. What type of solution is the cell in?
  5. You have an artificial cell containing 12% NaCl placed in a solution that is 15% glucose and 10% NaCl.
  6. Which way will the water move?
  7. Will the cell shrink, swell, or stay the same size?
  8. What type of solution is the cell in?

 

Case #6 – A Fishy Tale

You read a news release indicating that a species of saltwater fish was found in Lake Michigan. How it got there was a mystery. Unfortunately, the fish has died. In another instance, a saltwater fish was found living in a lake a bit upstream from the Gulf of Mexico. It was assumed that the fish swam from the ocean to a freshwater lake. This fish survived and is doing well in the lake. You wonder why one fish survived and the other did not. (Be sure to include specific biological terms such as hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic in your explanation. Also talk about the water relationship between the cells of the fish and the water outside.)

Questions:

  1. What happened to the saltwater fish that was found in Lake Michigan?
  2. Explain what happened to the survivor fish that swam from the Gulf of Mexico to the freshwater lake. (Hint: the journey from the ocean to the lake will take the fish through some brackish water—water that has more salinity than freshwater but less than salt water.)
  3. What would happen to a freshwater fish that suddenly found itself in the Atlantic Ocean? Explain.

 

Based on the both data sets (bicarbonate and Benedicts) what affect did Mg have on the rate of the reaction? Justify your answer with both data sets.

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Biology Report

The data you will need to answer the following questions are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Color, estimated pH and absorption every 10 min from the bicarbonate solution.

Time (min) W Syringe G Syringe
Color Estimated pH Absorption Å Color Estimated pH Absorption Å
0

 

 Red/Purple 8.8 0.779 Red/Purple 8.8 0.761
10

 

 Red/Purple 8.8 0.734 Red 8.6 0.624
20

 

 Red/Purple 8.8 0.751 Red 8.6 0.603
30

 

 Red/Purple 8.8 0.753 Dark 0range 8.4 0.583
40

 

 Red/Purple 8.8 0.753 Dark orange 8.4 0.504
50

 

 Red/Purple 8.8 0.751 Orange 8.2 0.433

 

Time (min) Mg Syringe
Color Estimated pH Absorption Å

 
0

 

 Red/Purple 8.8 0.729
10

 

 Red 8.6 0.607
20

 

 Dark 0range 8.4 0.529
30

 

 Orange 8.2 0.407
40

 

 Orange/Yellow 8.2 0.334
50

 

 Orange/Yellow 7.8 0.308

 

2) (2 pnts) Calculate the change in absorption using the formula ABS0 – ABST (Absorption at time 0 min – the Absorption at time T min) and place the values in Table 2.

 

Table 2: Change in absorption over time for the bicarbonate solutions.

Time (Min) W Syringe G Syringe Mg Syringe
0

 

 0 0 0
10

 

      
20

 

      
30

 

      
40

 

      
50

 

      

 

3) (4pnts) Graph (use scatter plot) the change in absorption over time for all 3 treatments (W, G, Mg) and paste the graph below. Be sure to label the axes.

 

4) (3pnts) Which reaction produced CO2 the fastest? Use the rate of color change and the change in absorption to answer the question.

 

 

 

 

Data collected from conducting the Benedicts test are listed in Table 3.

 

Table 3: Results of Benedicts test

Treatment Time 0  Absorption Å Time 0 Color Time 50 Absorption Å Time 50 Color
W

 

 0.021 Blue 0.022 Blue
G

 

 0.593 Orange/Red 0.379 Yellow/Orange
Mg

 

 0.589 Orange/Red 0.182 Green/yellow

 

6) (1pnts) Calculate the change in absorbance between Time 0 and Time 50 from the Benedicts test and place the results in Table 4.

 

Table 4: Change in absorbance in the Benedicts test

Treatment Time 0 – Time 50 Å

 
W

 

  
G

 

  
Mg

 

  

7) (4pnts) Which reaction showed the loss of most of the glucose? Justify your answer with the data you collected.

 

8) (4pnts) Based on the both data sets (bicarbonate and Benedicts) what affect did Mg have on the rate of the reaction? Justify your answer with both data sets. (Note: if you know there was an issue with some of your data you can explain what you expected to happen and why your results do not match the expectation).

Pick a particular organ or organ system. Describe how that organ or organ system contributes to maintaining homeostasis.

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Discussion 6

Pick a particular organ or organ system. Describe how that organ or organ system contributes to maintaining homeostasis. Then, describe a condition/disease of that system that hinders that organ or organ system’s ability to do its job to maintain homeostasis. Be detailed.

Write a Discussion with the following results: and suggestions with the following research question: Looking at Aristida stricta (Wiregrass) in different temperatures to measure the growth at a greenhouse.

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Lab Report

Things to think about when using numbers, you can but the number, “4” unless it is in the beginning of a sentence spell it out “Four”

Research: Looking at Aristida stricta (Wiregrass) in different temperatures to measure the growth at a greenhouse

 

Introduction Information:

– start broad discussing climate change “climate change has resulted in a loss of biodiversity and address how that is a problem”

-discuss how astritida stricta is a native species

– use 3 of the following citations:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0104

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.10107.x

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26613633–

-however it is not clear why .. there is little evidence showing..

 

Create a methods section for the following information using the research question:

Research: Looking at Aristida stricta (Wiregrass) in different temperatures to measure the growth at a greenhouse

-Spring weather, natural sunlight

-Psuedo replication happened as we were not able to replicate the temperature in multiple places due to it being a green house and one side of the green house receiving afternoon sun and the other side receiving morning sun.

-The wiregrass that survived dirt was rinsed off, put in a paper bag and then kept for a week after 40 C.

-present tense can be used if describing something still happening

-Seeds were not used: potted plants were purchased in a necessary and they were separated with individual clumps

-Statistical analyses: chi squared,

-Wiregrass was plotted on 2/8 and ended on 4/5

– Fertilizer was applied after one week and the fertilizer was a standard water soluble plant food (20:20:20, ENVY(R), National Liquid Fertilizer, Bedford Park, IL) that was applied at a concentration that was 25% of that recommended for indoor plants

-starting height of plants ranged from 9-15

 

Four treatments (when listing out treatments 2×2 factorial experiment with 2 water conditions (50 ml and 100ml ) that were watered twice a week.

Temp               Water.      Alive      Dead

29                    100           6               30

29                    50b          7                29

24                    100          13             23

24                    50             5.              31

 

Temperature set at a minimum temperature was 17 C and maximum at 29 C,

Location: Greenhouse .. south side and north side of building …. Cool side (East) received a max of 24 C and the warm side max was 29 (West),

-minimum temperature on both sides was the same but the maximum was different

-plants were watered twice a week (Monday and Thursday) and watered with 50 mL

-plants were purchased at a native plant nursery, they were bought in half gallon plots, and separated into individual clumps

-give total sample size (144)

-plants were randomly assigned to positions in the green house (randomized in pairs) so that there was a high amount of water and lower amount of water was next to each other

-there is pseudo replication: not able to replicate the temperature in multiple places due to it being a green house and one side receiving afternoon sun and one side receiving morning sun

– a few things to remember for writing Methods: 1) the size of the pots (you can measure in greenhouse)

 

Results:

Temp               Water.      Alive      Dead

29                    100           6               30

29                    50b          7                29

24                    100          13             23

24                    50             5.              31

 

-reporting biomass with bar graph and with standard deviations

-reporting survival

 

 

Write a Discussion with the following results: and suggestions with the following research question:

Research: Looking at Aristida stricta (Wiregrass) in different temperatures to measure the growth at a greenhouse

The hypothesis was: We hypothesize that Wiregrass growth will be affected by temperature, with optimum growth occurring at a specific temperature range.

–what did you find?

-biological explanations does the data agree or disagree with predictions or hypothesis? What do the trend or lack of thereof mean?

-relating results to what people has already

-how do the results compare to others?

-there was a trend towards higher survival

-consider alternative interpretations of the data

-wiregrass was not sensitive to the levels of water and temperature used in this expirements if we had more water or

-with huger survival, we might have been able to detect differences there could have been more dependable watering

 

-create an abstract!

-for discussion end by explaining why expirements like this are important

 

Other Notes:

  • A lot of evaporation in green house .. biological explanation “
  • Understand transpiration and plants are losing that water
  • Plants do worse at high temperatures and low water, cool

 

Create a hypothesis as well in introduction