The right plot shows the biomass of the resource (cordgrass) in each treatment. Does it show evidence for a trait-mediated effect of ladybeetles, density-mediated effect of ladybeetles, both, or neither? Briefly explain.

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Discussion Question

  1. Schmitz (1998) found that trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMII) were stronger than density-mediated indirect interactions (DMII) in a spider-grasshopper-grass system. Rinehart et al. (2017) ran a similar experiment with ladybeetles (predator) – scale insects  – cordgrass .

The plot shows the density of the prey  over time. Does it show evidence for a trait-mediated effect of ladybeetles, density-mediated effect of ladybeetles, both, or neither? Briefly explain.

  1. The right plot shows the biomass of the resource (cordgrass) in each treatment. Does it show evidence for a trait-mediated effect of ladybeetles, density-mediated effect of ladybeetles, both, or neither? Briefly explain.
  2. We discussed the regime shift in the North Atlantic following the crash in cod populations in the 1980s. Hanson et al. (2018) quantified the stable isotopes in seal teeth to make inferences on their diet. The plot below shows the 15N and 13C ratios for teeth collected from seals in 1970  and others from seals collected in 2005 . Based on these data, how has the collapse of cod affected the trophic position of gray seals?
  3. (a) Calculate the Shannon index (H’) and Chao’s estimator for Species Richness for each of these three samples.

Species

Com 1

Com 2

Com 3

A

2

40

170

B

1

40

5

C

1

30

5

D

1

30

5

E

1

20

5

F

0

0

5

Shannon

Index (H’)

Richness with Chao estimate

(b) Form an argument why each of the three communities might be considered the most “diverse.”

Com 1:

Com 2:

Com 3:

  1. Here are the taxa found in four forest litter samples in 2019.

AS-1-O

DO-2-O

EH-2-O

TP-3-C

Annelid Earthworm

Annelid Earthworm

Beetle cloverstem borer

Annelid Earthworm

Ant rover

Sowbug

Beetle grub hairy

Snail brown

Beetle cloverstem borer

Spider wolf

Cricket house

Sowbug

Sowbug

termite

What is the mean α richness for these samples?

What is the γ richness of these four samples?

What is the β richness among these samples?

  1. Use these richness values to explain, in plain English, how the diversity within these samples compares to the diversity among them. Are they more similar or more different? Remember our discussion of Chase (2003)— β diversity represents the dissimilarity between samples.
  2. A colleague returns from a trip to two islands in the South Pacific with a broad grin on her face. “I’ve disproved McArthur and Wilson’s model of island biogeography! My data show that the small island had more species than the larger one.”

(a) The plot below has extinction curves for large and small islands. Add colonization curves that would show how a smaller island (A2) could have more species at equilibrium than a larger one (A1). Label which island each curve applies to.

(b) From your drawing, which island (A1 or A2) would have a higher turnover rate (change in species identity over time)? Why?

 

Why do plant cells have an additional layer surrounding the cell membrane? What is this layer known as? The size of the cells of an organism has no relation with the size of its body. Do you agree? Give reason for your answer.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

  1. Choose the correct statement with respect to unicellular organisms:

(a) in unicellular organisms, tissues work in co-ordination to perform different functions.

(b) unicellular organisms do not require food.

(c) unicellular organisms respire and reproduce.

(d) all unicellular organisms move by cilia.

  1. Majority of cells cannot be seen directly with our naked eyes because:

(a) organisms are generally unicellular

(b) cells are microscopic

(c) cells are present only inside the body

(d) cells are grouped into tissues

  1. Read the different combinations of terms given below:

(a) cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, plastid

(b) cell wall, nucleus, ribosome, chromosome

(c) cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, chromosome

(d) cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria, chloroplast.

The correct combination of terms with reference to an animal cell is _____.

  1. Which one of the following term is not a part of the nucleus?

(a) ribosome (c) chromosome

(b) nucleolus (d) gene

  1. A suitable term for the various components of cells is

(a) tissue (c) chromosomes

(b) cell organelles (d) genes

  1. The jelly-like fluid substance present in cells is called

(a) protoplasm (c) chloroplast

(b) chromosome (d) cytoplasm 12/04/18

  1. Read the following pairs of examples of organisms:

(a) moss and sponge (c) bacteria and blue-green alga

(b) yeast and Amoeba (d) penicillium and Spirogyra

The pair that belongs to the group prokaryotes is_____

  1. Read the following terms and select the pair that is related to inheritance of characters.

(a) cell wall and cell membrane

(b) chromosome and mitochondria

(c) chloroplast and cell membrane

(d) chromosome and genes

  1. Choose the correct statement:

(a) Genes are located in the chromosomes.

(b) Cell is located in the nucleus.

(c) Chromosomes are located in the nucleolus.

(d) Cell membrane surrounds the nucleus.

  1. Green colour of leaves is due to presence of the pigment_____

(a) chlorophyll (c) mitochondira

(b) ribosomes (d) chloroplast

  1. The unit of measurement used for expressing dimension (size) of cells is:

(a) centimeter (c) micrometer

(b) millimeter (d) metre

  1. The most important function of cell membrane is that it:

(a) controls the entry and exit of materials from cells.

(b) controls only the entry of materials into cells.

(c) controls only the exit of materials from cells.

(d) allows entry and exit of materials without any control.

  1. Paheli accidentally placed her hand over a flame and immediately pulled it back. She felt the sensation of heat and reacted due to the action of

(a) blood cells (c) nerve cells

(b) skin surface (d) nucleus of cells

  1. Of the following parts of a cell listed below, name the part that is common to plant cell, animal cell and a bacterial cell.

(a) chloroplast (c) cell membrane

(b) cell wall (d) nucleus

12/04/18

  1. The thread-like structures present in the nucleus are

(a) nucleolus (c) genes

(b) chromosomes (d) ribosomes

  1. Identify the statement which is true for cells.

(a) Cells can be easily seen with naked eyes.

(b) Insect’s egg is not a cell.

(c) A single cell can perform all the functions in a unicellular organism.

(d) The size and shape of cells is uniform in multicellular organisms

  1. Which of the following is not a cell?

(a) Red Blood Corpuscle (RBC)

(b) bacterium

(c) spermatozoa

(d) virus

  1. Which of the following feature will help you in distinguishing a plant cell from an animal cell?

(a) cell wall (c) mitochondria

(b) cell membrane (d) nucleus

  1. Under a microscope Paheli observes a cell that has a cell wall but no distinct nucleus. The cell that she observes is

(a) a plant cell (c) a nerve cell

(b) an animal cell (d) a bacterial cell

  1. Cheek cells do not have _______

(a) cell membrane (c) golgi apparatus

(b) nucleus (d) plastids

  1. Identify the correct statement.

(a) Tissue is a group of dissimilar cells.

(b) An organ consists of similar cells.

(c) Vacuoles are not found in plant cells.

(d) Prokaryotes do not have nucleus.

  1. Which of the following statements are true for eukaryotic cells?

(i) They do not have a nuclear membrane.

(ii) They have a well organised nucleus.

(iii) They have a nuclear membrane.

(iv) Blue green algae are eukaryotic cells.

(c) i and ii (d) i and iv

  1. Identify the correct statement about cells.

(a) All the cells have nucleus.

(b) Cells of an organ have similar structure.

(c) Cells of a tissue have similar structure.

(d) Shape of all types of cells is round.

  1. The table given below has certain terms and four blank spaces named A, B, C and D.

From the options given below choose the correct combination of terms.

(a) A-Pseudopodia; B-Respirations; C-Muscle cell; D-Branched

(b) A-Pseudopodia; B-Photosynthesis; C-Muscle cell; D-Branched

(c) A-Contractile vacuole; B-Photosynthesis; C-Blood cell;

D-Spindle shaped

(d) A-Pseudopodia; B-Photosynthesis; C-Cheek cell; D-Spindle shaped

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

  1. In leaves, name the cell organelle and pigment that is responsible for green colour.
  2. The instrument used to observe cells is ________
  3. We do not sense any pain when we clip our nails or cut our hair. Why?
  1. In a cell, where are the genes located?
  2. Amoeba and Paramecium belong to which category of organisms?

Cell Feature/part Function

Amoeba A Movement

Plant Cell Plastid B

C Spindle shaped Contraction

Nerve cell D Stimuli and

response

  1. What are the functions of cell wall in plant cells?
  2. Is the following statement correct? If it is wrong, correct the statement

Statement : “Unicellular organisms do not respire, only multicellular organisms respire”

  1. Match the terms given in column I with their functions given in column II and fill the blanks given below the table:

A-_____; B-______; C-______; D-______

  1. Observe the following diagram given as Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1

Answer the following questions.

  1. Does it represent a plant cell or an animal cell?
  2. Does it represent a prokaryotic cell or an eukaryotic cell?

Column I Column II

  1. Chloroplast i) carries hereditary characters
  2. Cell membrane ii) controls the activities of

cells

  1. Nucleus iii) site of photosynthesis
  2. Chromosome iv) controls the movement

of materials into and out

of cells.

 

  1. Label the parts A to E in the given as Fig. 8.2 diagram.
  2. Classify the following terms into cells, tissues and organs and write in the tabular column given below.RBC, WBC, Nerve cell, blood, muscle, blood vessels, brain, heart, hand
  1. Read the following statements and write the appropriate term against each statement.
  2. Fill in the blanks with the terms given in the box below:

Nucleus, chromosomes, cell wall, cell membrane, protoplasm, cytoplasm, ribosome, cell organelles

The outermost layer of plant cells is the (a) beneath which is the (b) . The term (c) refers to the jelly-like substance containing all the (d) . The (e) contains thread-like structures called (f) .

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

  1. Cells consist of many organelles, yet we do not call any of these organelles as structural and functional unit of living organisms. Explain.
  1. Why do plant cells have an additional layer surrounding the cell membrane? What is this layer known as?
  2. The size of the cells of an organism has no relation with the size of its body. Do you agree? Give reason for your answer.

Explain the importance of genetics in prenatal development.

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Importance of genetics in prenatal development

Answer the following question:

Explain the importance of genetics in prenatal development.

Submit a one page paper single spaced, on the above subject. The paper should include at least 2 credible sources, follow APA guidelines, and be cited correctly.

Give the feedback about how to make the content standout with a stronger argument and logic flow

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Academic and future career plans

A statement of your current academic and future career plans as they relate to the Princeton department to which you are applying. In doing so, cite relevant academic, professional, and personal experiences that motivate you to apply for a graduate degree here. Your statement should not exceed 1,000 words and must be written in English.

Give the feedback about how to make the content standout with a stronger argument and logic flow.

Describe an example of your leadership experience in which you have positively influenced others, helped resolve disputes, or contributed to group efforts over time.

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University of California – PIQ #1

Describe an example of your leadership experience in which you have positively influenced others, helped resolve disputes, or contributed to group efforts over time.

 

Write a research paper and compare the data from the excel document and the attached primary resources. Choose at least two lakes from the data and compare the lake turbidity and density of zooplankton with what was found from the data to the data from the research papers attached.

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Does lake turbidity increase or decrease the density of zooplankton in lakes?

Write a research paper and compare the data from the excel document and the attached primary resources. You will choose at least two lakes from the data and compare the lake turbidity and density of zooplankton with what was found from the data to the data from the research papers attached. Follow the rubric attached. The sources that you will need are also attached in a pdf document.

Identify the metabolites expected to change drastically in the mutant and indicate whether you expect the concentration to increase or decrease.

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Representative abundances of selected metabolites found in a small molecule extract (SME) from your designated wild-type bacterial strain are shown in the table below. Note: These reported abundances are dependent on the solubility and ionization characteristics of each compound within this complex mixture. They, therefore, have no direct connection with the metabolite concentrations in the cell.

Metabolite Abundance in wild-type (mM)
Citrate 0.04
Isocitrate 0.04
2-oxoglutarate 8.1
Succinyl CoA 470.0
Succinate 480.0
Fumarate 300
Malate 0.5
Oxaloacetate 350

A number of mutants with a defective TCA cycle enzyme have been isolated. You prepared a small molecule extract from ONE mutant that has been identified in the gene encoding the enzyme malate dehydrogenase.

Q2.3. Identify the metabolites expected to change drastically in the mutant and indicate whether you expect the concentration to increase or decrease (3 marks).

The IMG search showed that there are two genes that code for a specific TCA cycle enzyme in this strain. You used a targeted method to create a point mutation in each gene. The phenotypes of the mutant are presented in the following table.

Mutant Growth requirement (in a free-living environment) Nitrogen fixation (symbiotic condition)
Gene 1 mutant Prototroph Fix+
Gene 2 mutant Auxotroph Fix-

Q2.4. Why does the Gene 1 mutant remain prototrophic and nitrogen-fixing? (3 marks)

Q2.5. Why does the Gene 2 mutant become an auxotroph and also lose nitrogen-fixing ability? (3 marks)

Q2.6. Can you predict the conditions/environment where (a) gene 1, and (b) gene 2 are expressed? (3 marks)

Explain WHY we did the steps. For example in the lab session we used a specific restriction enzyme, you should write why we used these restriction enzymes and why we used these specific primers.

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Molecular Biology

We have two lab protocols, One of which was done by computer and the other done in a lab. The protocol explains the steps of what we have done in both sessions.
We used PCR testing and designed primers etc. The lab report needs to be about BOTH sessions. (maybe a subheading would be useful) HOWEVER PLS DO NOT JUST STATE WHAT I HAVE DONE. You need to explain WHY we did the steps. For example in the lab session we used a specific restriction enzyme, you should write why we used these restriction enzymes and why we used these specific primers.

In the protocols there are questions throughout please answer the questions but work in into the lab report since I do not want a question and answer.
It must show the reasons to why we are doing both labs are FULLY understood.

Investigate one or two topics that interest you related to Human or General Biology.

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Research Assignment: Human or General Biology

Investigate one or two topics that interest you related to Human or General Biology. There are so many topics to choose from! For example, for Human Biology: diseases, physiology, psychology, anatomy, behavior, nutrition, heart disease; cancer; strokes, COVID 19, pandemics, ETC.

Explore & choose one or two topics that interest you.

For full points you need to write a Total of 5-6 high quality paragraphs or equivalent, from reputable website{s}. You also need to write a 3-4 sentence summary .

Here are some reputable websites that you may find useful when preparing for this assignment:
These sites include options for key word searches, & provide up-to-date information.

Key word searches:
ScienceNews.org. science-daily.com
MayoClinic.org (click on recent research news) sciencemag.org
NPR.org (click under: Topics: go to: Science) newsweek.com
NBC news (subcategory: Science) science magazine
CBS news (subcategory: Science) TheNewYorkTimes
NIH (National Institutes of Health)
cdc.gov (Centers for Disease Control)
usda.gov (United States Department of Agriculture)
American Physiological Society

Additional more specific websites:
www.cancer.org American Cancer Society
www.diabetes.org American Diabetes Association
www.acefitness.org American Council on Exercise
www.eatright.org American Dietetic Association
www.lungusa.org American Lung Association
www.arthritis.org Arthritis Foundation
www.aafa.org Asthma and Allergy Foundation
www.nmha.org National Mental Health Association
www.stroke.org National Stroke Association
www.nsc.org National Safety Council
www.health.org National Drug Information and Referral
www.headaches.org National Headache Foundation
www.nof.org National Osteoporosis Foundation
www.ncoa.org National council on Aging

What is the scientific question you are investigating? What are the science observations or data that address/relate to your question? How can you explain the evidence you have observed/collected to answer the question?

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CER Explanation Tool

Question:
What is the scientific question you are investigating?
“Why do we eat?”

Evidence
What are the science observations or data that address/relate to your question? You may bullet point here.

Scientific Reasoning
How can you explain the evidence you have observed/collected to answer the question? You may bullet point here.


Claim
What claim can you make that answers the question, based on your evidence, reasoning and science concept(s)? Single sentence without using the word “because” in your sentence. Construct a Scientific Explanation

Using the information in the boxes you have completed, write a scientific explanation that includes:

● The scientific question
● Your Claim
● Relevant evidence that supports your claim
● Scientific reasoning that links the evidence to your claim and explains how the evidence answers the question
● Check the rubric (last page) BEFORE you submit this!

Scientific Explanation:
There are four main macromolecules that we eat – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Each of these macromolecules plays an important role in our bodies and provides us with energy and essential nutrients. Carbohydrates are essential for providing our bodies with energy. They are broken down into glucose, which is then used by our cells for energy. Complex carbohydrates, such as those found in whole grains, also provide our bodies with important vitamins and minerals. Lipids are another important macromolecule that we eat. They are a major source of energy and help to keep our cell membranes healthy. Fatty acids, which are a type of lipid, are also essential for many biochemical reactions in our bodies. Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our bodies. They are also involved in many biochemical reactions and help to transport nutrients and oxygen around our bodies. Amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, are also essential for our bodies. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are essential forthe function of our cells. They are also involved in the synthesis of proteins and the regulation of gene expression.