Although we now understand the molecular and biological basis for the harmful effects alkyl environments and high pH levels can have on skin, do you think think there is a molecular basis surrounding potentially harmful affects of having too much of acidic, or low pH, concentration on skin homeostasis?

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Biologically mediated pH property

Read this and provide the answer for the question. Make sure is not more than 300 words and Avoids the use of direct quotations; content is expressed in
his/her own words.

A unique biologically mediated pH property that often generates costly frustrations for adolescents revolve around skin or epidermis pH regulation. As skins normal pH ranges from 4-6, slightly acidic, or what we refer to as the skins “acidic mantle zone,” it only fluctuates slightly in this range to help uphold the bodies homeostatic barriers, maintain healthy skin enzymes, deter bacterial and fungal growth and retain moisture. The phospholipid bilayers found in the subcutaneous(SC) regions rely on hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions which are kept constant and functional at a slightly more acidic skin pH. As skin pH increases with alkyl or neutral products/interactions, such as when the skin comes in contact with bar soaps or water, skin serine and protease levels increase causing an increasing in cytokine mediated inflammation and an overall decrease in SC layer cohesion properties and skin permeability. This makes it very difficult for the skin to aerate and rid itself of various metabolic waste, causing the skin pores to clog and dry, making it more susceptible to infection and inflammation. Products high in Salicylic acid, Zinc Oxide and retinol tend to help preserve the slightly acidic environment and protect the skins surface.

For example, Sailcylic Acid C7H6O3 has a pH of 2.4 and a subsequent dissociation constant (pKA) of around 2.97. With the two high proton molecular donor groups around the oxygens, this stable/naturally strong acid compound will easily react to form its conjugate base.

My question is that although we now understand the molecular and biological basis for the harmful effects alkyl environments and high pH levels can have on skin, do you think think there is a molecular basis surrounding potentially harmful affects of having too much of acidic, or low pH, concentration on skin homeostasis?

References:

(1) Ali, S., & Yosipovitch, G. (2013). Skin ph: From basic science to basic skin care. Acta Dermato Venereologica, Wake Forest Department of Dermatology, 93(3), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1531

(2) Das, Module 1 Lecture Material “Water & Acid/Base Chemistry, lecture 1, Part 2”

What is the role of the brain and spinal cord in this response? Describe the three types of neurons involved in this response and their role in the reflex arc. Explain the withdrawal reflex that results in Chen moving his hand away from the stove.

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CASE STUDY

For this assignment you will address the first case study and then choose ONE of the other two case studies to address in your assignment.

What is a Case Study? “A case study is a narrative used to help you practice real-life analysis and communication skills. It is a learning tool that provides readers with “enough detail…to understand the nature and scope of the problem, and…serve as a springboard for discussion and learning” (O’Rourke, 2007, p. 391).

Use your textbook and academic resources from the Purdue Global Library to support your responses. You can access the Library directly from the Course Resources area for this class, or through the student portal. Be sure to cite and reference all your sources. The Library has a feature that allows you to automatically create an APA formatted reference.

Your assignment should be between 750–1000 words, and all sources must be properly cited using APA format.

CASE STUDY #1 (Required)

Chen is cooking dinner for his family. He moves to pull a pot off the stove and accidently touches the burner. Reflexively he pulls his finger away from the stove and immediately feels the pain.

What is the role of the brain and spinal cord in this response?
Describe the three types of neurons involved in this response and their role in the reflex arc. Explain the withdrawal reflex that results in Chen moving his hand away from the stove.
Evolutionarily, why do you think the human body has this system in place? Why is this reflex important?
Chen’s wife, Amira, was born with congenital insensitivity to pain, a condition that inhibits the ability to perceive physical pain. Find a reliable source related to congenital insensitivity to pain and address the following questions:
What is congenital insensitivity to pain?
What are some of the signs and symptoms of this condition?
In this week’s reading, you learned about the role of sodium ions in the conduction of nerve impulses. Individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain are unable to make a sodium channel called NaVi.7. How is this related to the signs and symptoms of the disease?
What might happen if Amira had touched the burner? How would her response be different than Chen’s?
What advice would you give to a child who has this condition and is interested in playing contact sports? What would happen if this child experienced a fracture?

Explain how food is broken down into progressively smaller molecules with less chemical energy and how that process releases energy. Discuss how active transport by the sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to get a nerve cell ready to fire.

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Cells, More Cells, and the Flow of Energy Podcast Script

In a 1000-1500 word document, provide a three-segment podcast script. In this assignment, you will explain the basic components and energy flow of a cell in a written podcast script containing three segments.

The podcast script requirements are listed here: Podcast Segment 1 Title: A Cell Divided

Explain the purposes of cell division.

Describe how mitosis is different from binary fission. Define nondisjunction and use the subject of nondisjunction to explore aberrations in cellular division and chromosome numbers. This can be done in terms of mitosis, meiosis, or both. Explain autosomal nondisjunction in relation to Down syndrome.

Use statistics and patient profiles to help engage your audience. Podcast Segment 2 Title: A Tale of Two Cities Choose five components of eukaryotic cells and compare them to a part of a city.

For example, the nucleus can be the City Hall, and the chloroplast could be a solar power farm. Be sure to point out how prokaryotic cells are different from eukaryotic cells, as if you were comparing two cities.

Podcast Segment 3 Title: How Energy Flows Through Us Familiarize the audience with energy conversions in a cell by relating it to a force that flows through us.

Explain how food is broken down into progressively smaller molecules with less chemical energy and how that process releases energy.

Discuss how active transport by the sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to get a nerve cell ready to fire. (Research this topic using a library and/or the Internet.)

 

What is the difference between a belief system and science? Discuss why some people gravitate towards people who give them absolute answers as opposed to science that gives them probabilities.

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Science

Read below: if science is a belief system and then comment on why some people ignore good science in favor of claims that confirm their own biases. What can we do to make sure we do not fall into the trap of thinking science is a belief system. What is the difference between a belief system and science? Additionally, discuss why some people gravitate towards people who give them absolute answers as opposed to science that gives them probabilities.

Reading:

Science
Is science a belief system?

To answer this question we have to look at Scientific Reasoning.

1. Inductive reasoning

When you turn the wheel of your care you are using a type of reasoning. You reason:

If I turn this wheel, the car will turn in that direction

This is a type of Inductive reasoning. Consider another example:

The first 5 doors on this building are locked, therefore the next door will be locked.

The first statement is called a premise. The last part of the statement is the conclusion

With inductive reasoning, the conclusion does not always follow the premise. It is very possible the next door you try on the building will be open.

Inductive goes from the specific to broader generalizations

2. Deductive reasoning

Here is a different type of reasoning. All cars are designed with steering wheels to direct the motion of the vehicle. I am driving a car, therefore when I turn the wheel of this car the direction will change.

This statement goes from a broad general statement (premise) to a specific statement

With deductive reasoning, if the premise is correct then the conclusion is correct.

With inductive reasoning, the conclusion does not always follow the premise.

A good logician knows if someone is making a deductive style argument they try and discredit the premise. If someone is trying to make an inductive argument, they try and discredit the conclusion

Hypo-deductive reasoning and abductive reasoning are also used but will not be tested on.

How does Science change?

Thomas Khun published a landmark book in 1962 called the structure of scientific revolutions discussing how science advances.

He claimed science was not the gradual accumulation of knowledge, but rather a sociological and thus a political phenomenon that happens in sudden paradigm shifts. The long-held ideas of the older generation were being upheld by willfully ignorant relics of the past until the current generation gains enough muster to overthrow the archaic ideas.

This was widely popularized and many adopted his ideas.

The problem with Khuns argument.

The problem with Khun’s argument was he intertwined the politics of science and the discovery of truth.

Science is inherently anti-authoritarian so while it is not political per se, if knowledge is power and science is anti-authoritarian, then those in power will see science as a threat.

The slow and steady of science.

Think of science like a massive cage death match for a wrestling federation. All the ideas get thrown in the ring and we see which ideas survive. Eventually, all other ideas die off and we tentatively accept it until another idea comes along and takes its place. Some ideas, called Theory or Law have proven over such a long period of time and have defeated so many other ideas we consider them champions.

Doing this sometimes takes a long time. Science will throw many good ideas in the ring for a long time before we find the best idea so when someone claims science does not work because science said one thing at one time and something different later, they do not understand the process of science. Science can be painstakingly slow and in a culture where we want the immediate results, science can easily get ignored and rhetoric or sales will take its place.

The trick is we need to get comfortable with uncertainty and be willing to make decisions based on the current best information.

Some people demand perfection of science and get frustrated when it does not produce an absolute truth right off the bat. This is an impossible expectation fallacy because these people are not comfortable with change or uncertainty

Additionally, science can move really fast. This usually happens when someone discovers a new truth that everyone is able to use to produce even more knowledge.

DNA is a great example. The inheritance problem was worked on for a long time but once it was solved, science burst forward solving all sorts of other problems

Pseudoscience at every corner

Because science is so powerful many people like to use it to either make money or sell ideas that are favorable to them.

The desire to claim something is science when it has not gone through the process of science is called pseudoscience.

It is important we do not confuse the two and there are several ways to help us sort it out.

The first question should always be: is it peer-reviewed?

Peer review helps minimize bias and poor science

If it is peer-reviewed, is it peer-reviewed in a quality journal

The flat earth society has made their own peer-review journals so they now have “Peer Reviewed” evidence the earth is flat. Thus we must go further than to just ask if it is peer-reviewed. We could ask:

How many times has the peer-reviewed article been cited?

Is this work from a private company or independent research?

Good science will always disclose its financing. A Pharmaceutical company may claim independent research but when the peer review is done it demonstrates the company paid for it.

Peer review constitutes primary sources

Textbooks are secondary sources

Blogs, magazines, articles, ect are considered tertiary sources

Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter are quaternary sources

When it comes to science, we should only be using primary sources!

As an aside, Wikipedia is over 90% accurate when it comes to sciences so it is a great place to START your research but not reliable as evidence or “proof”. The two articles in Wikipedia from the sciences that are constantly being changed and MAY be the most inaccurate are those on climate change and evolution as many of the editors are not scientist

Statistics

Sample Size

To do statistics we have to assume our sample represents the population with which we want to make inferences

If we take a bunch of people who have heavily smoked marijuana their whole lives and give them a driving test after they smoke, can we get reliable evidence on the effect of marijuana on the general population?

What about the effects of marijuana on driving?

What about the effects of marijuana on heavy marijuana smokers while driving?

How we get our samples is important and can change the inferences we can make from the data.

Are the two samples different?

Let’s imagine we want to look at the length of dog hairs between two cities. We take a random sample of 1000 dogs of all different breeds and measure the length of the hair and, in one city the average hair size is 5cm and in the other city the average hair length is 6cm, are the lengths different between the cities or did the differences come about simply because of randomness in the sample? How do we know?

This introduces us to a basic T-Test or Students T-Test which is what a lot of research uses. It is basic and useable under optimal research conditions. There is a lot of research that does not fall into the optimal category but this test is what you hear about the most and this is not a statistics class so I am not going to delve into a lot of other things.

The T-test looks at the average between the two samples and uses some math to investigate and then gives us a “probability” type of answer that says there is an X percent probability the difference between the two populations (Cities) is due to random chance.

This is done with what is called a “P-Value” and generally, that value is set at 0.05% or lower before we accept there is a difference between the means. This p-value is saying there is a 5% or less probability that the difference between the two averages are not due to random chance. If you read the research, you will come across this term so it is helpful if you have a good idea about what it means

Appropriate inferences

What inferences can we make from our data or what inferences can be made from the experiment done?

This depends on a few things and even people with Ph.D.’s in statistics still get this wrong sometimes because of prior or pre-existing ideas they want to prove true. Remember, science always tries to prove itself wrong.

First, was the sample gathered randomly from the population or was it a certain group from the population? In humans, was the age group random, the ethnicity random, income levels ect. If anything was not done randomly then there is a bias that can start to creep in and the results are less reliable. Since we cannot experiment on humans we may never get perfect randomness but we try to come close and some studies do it better than others to increase the reliability of their results.

Second, was the population randomly divided between the control group and the experimental group? If not, it allows bias to creep in

So if someone is part of a group of devoutly religious people and “tested” something, they cannot make any inference to the general population so the methods on how science gathered the data are often more important than what the data says.

Using statistics for post hoc data

This is often done when we cannot directly experiment with something. The CDC does this to look at disease spread. The problem is it is not a designed experiment so we have to reign in our inferences.

Australia enacted strict Gun laws but does that mean the same thing can work over here? Maybe, maybe not, the US is not Australian so we cannot make that inference directly. One cities crime rates and gun laws cannot be inferred to other cities because it was not a random sample.

To make sense of post hoc data there must be some fancy statistics used to account for all the variables like demographics, what is the population number, how close together do they live, what is the average income, ect

Data Analysis

Science often collects a lot of data. Each piece of data is an individual fact and facts, as a level of certainty is very high, HOWEVER, it is not until we add a hypothesis, theory, or law to explain the facts that they become important.

Facts are stupid things until brought into conjunction with some higher law.

Patterns provide evidence for the process. Just because we were not present when things happen in our world does not mean we cannot know what happened with a high level of certainty.

Graphs

Graphs are summaries of data and should never be ignored. Make sure to pay attention to the axis, what are the labels, what is the range of information, what are the units?

Is there a positive correlation, is there a negative correlation

How many variables are there and what is the relationship between those variables

 

Graphs should simplify the data and make it clear. This is why pie charts are the worst graphs to use

So it is the METHODS of how we proceed that makes science so powerful.

This means science is something we do. It is a verb and not a noun

Do you have a question that you’ve always wondered about these structures/organs? Have you just thought of a question and are curious about the answer?

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Part II — Discussion Forum

Post Part II Overview For Part II, go to the discussion forum for Lab 2 and post ONE post addressing two prompts. You can customize which two prompts you want to write about in your post, but you will need to address one prompt from Section 1 and one prompt from Section 2 below. All prompts are regarding the organ(s) and/or structures involved in this lab. You may need to reference the anatomical images located in Canvas document titled “Lab 2 Images for The Eye” to help you write your post.

Section 1 Prompts Address one of the following in your post:

• Burning Question — Do you have a question that you’ve always wondered about these structures/organs? Have you just thought of a question and are curious about the answer? Share your question with the class!

• Pop Culture—Do you know of an example of how a structure/organ in this lab appears in popular culture (music, television, movies, poetry, art, social media, etc.)? Feel free to explain if it has any significance to you. Share!

• Experiential Short Stories — Do any of these structures/organs spark a memory? Just share a real story/experience)

• Medical Short Stories — Do you know anyone who has had medical care relating to any of these structures/organs? If you feel comfortable doing do share a medical story/experiencel You can include how you (or another person) was helped (or not helped) by nurses or doctors when being treated for the issue. As future medical practitioners, your stories may be very informative!

Section 2 Prompts Address one of the following in the same post:

• Answer a Burning Question — Do some research and answer your own burning question. Or, if another students’ question really sparked your curiosity but has remained unanswered, answer their question! Either way, make sure to cite where you found the answer.

• Etymology of Five Structures—If you find it helpful to know the history of why structures are called what they are, then do some research and list the Latin or Greek roots for at least five (5) structures in this lab.

• The Big Picture for Five Structures —Share additional information about at least five (5) structures/organs that you think could help you or your classmates better understand the structures and get the “big picture.” This can be done in any way that makes sense to you. Some students find it helpful to go into more detail on at least five structure’s functions, whereas
other students may find it helpful to identify those structures are connected to in your body. Additional ideas include discussing specific memorization strategies for at least five structures.

• Misconceptions — Misconceptions are ideas that many people tend to believe are true but are not. If you find this topic interesting, then use a search engine (like Google) to find one or two common misconceptions related to a structure/organ in this lab. Discuss the misconception(s) a little—for example, why did the misconception start or why do you think the misconception(s) are tempting to believe? Is the misconception still prevalent today? What is the truth then?

• Something Clinical — Choose one of the following short videos to watch and write a short summary about it! Make sure to highlight key take-aways that others should know if they don’t watch the video you watched. If you find a video interesting and want more information, feel free to do more research and write a more detailed summary. Feel free to add an image in your post if it helps you get your points across!

  • o How to Find Your Blind Spot by Dr. James Gill
  • o Visual Acuity Test by dkcalgary
  • o Visual Acuity by Nick Smith
  • o Eves: Window to your Health by National Geographic
  • o Eve Examination and Vision Assessment by Geeky Medics
  • o Eve Defects – Myopia by Don’t Memorise
  • o Eve Defects – Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia by Don’t Memorise
  • o What is Glaucoma by Doctor Eye Health
  • o Macular Degeneration by Macular Disease Foundation Australia
  • o Eye Allergies by Medical Centric
  • o How Does Laser Eve Surgery Work? By TED-Ed o Healing Corneal Abrasions by Dr Alan Mendelsohn

• Something Different — Choose one of the following fascinating, non-clinical, videos about the organs/structures in this lab. Write a short summary about it, making sure to highlight key take aways!

  • o How Strong Are Your Eyeballs? by Institute of Human Anatomy
  • o What is the Resolution of the Eve? by Vsauce  when being treated for the issue.

As future medical practitioners, your stories may be very informative!

Submission Types Discussion Comment
Submission & Rubric
• Before Starting: Read the instructions from the main Lab 2 Handout. • Your post should be between 200-400 words and follow the instructions from the Lab assignment. Your initial post should be thoughtful and help spark curiosity – do not just copy typed notes!

Things to Keep In Mind
• In this forum, student posts will appear as they are posted. • This assignment is worth 5pts (5pts for one post). If you’d like to view the rubric for this assignment, but do not know how to access it, see How do I view the rubric for my graded discussion

 

Does an ear infection affect hearing or equilibrium? What causes the sensation of motion sickness? Why do some people get vertigo or motion sickness more than others? Why do we feel dizzy after spinning in a circle? What causes that occasional “ringing” sound in our ears?

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HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYS

Physiological processes to real-world scenarios.

Your post should be between 100-300 words. Your initial post should be thoughtful and help spark discussion -do not just copy typed notes! Here are some ideas of what you can write about…

• Check out the list of questions in further Questions for Investigate, and address one of the questions related to the lecture! When addressing these questions, use terminology from the lecture. By the way, you won’t ever be tested on the questions on this list; these additional questions are only meant to spark curiosity and discussion in this forum :)

  •  Bring up a question, confusion, or issue related to course material you want input on.
  •  What resonated with you from the lecture. Why?
  •  Summarize a big idea or insight that you took away from the lecture.
  •  Investigate and describe possible clinical applications of what was discussed in the lecture.
  •  Link or attach a specific resource (video, article, image, etc.) that explains a related topic in extra depth and explain why it could be useful.
  •  Is there something you were hoping to learn about in this lecture that didn’t get talked about? If so, what?
  •  Make a meme that summarizes an important concept from the lecture.
  •  Discuss study techniques for specific lecture topics

One Reply due Sunday at 11:59pm
Your reply to at least one of your peers should be between 50-300 words. Your reply should show you are engaged in the discussion by addressing ideas brought up

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Special Senses – Vision
What are the different forms of colorblindness?

  • Does the color of your iris affect your vision? (e.g. brown eyes versus blue eyes)
  • Where does “eye strain” originate from – muscles around the eye, muscles inside the eye, or something else?

Special Senses – Hearing & Equilibrium
• How do personal hearing aid devices work?

  • Does an ear infection affect hearing or equilibrium?
  • What causes the sensation of motion sickness?
  • Why do some people get vertigo or motion sickness more than others?
  • Why do we feel dizzy after spinning in a circle?
  • What causes that occasional “ringing” sound in our ears?
  • When water gets “stuck” in our ears (swimming in a pool, from the shower, etc.) what part of the ear is the water stuck in?
  • If you happened to have a punctured eardrum, and water got in your ears from swimming in a pool, where would the water leak into?

Blood, Heart, and Circulation

• Do you really get drunk faster at high altitudes?

Review the following online presentations then provide constructive feedback and discuss what you learned from the information presented. Support your work using academic sources.

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PEER REVIEW – Module 6 Final Presentation & Discussion

Instructions: Review the following online presentations then provide constructive feedback and discuss what you learned from the information presented. Support your work using academic sources.

CLASSMATE #1 Cleary, Toni-Ann (100 words min + 1 academic source):

https://stu.instructure.com/files/1718182/download?download_frd=1&verifier=33YI1PRPcNds2bQcWX52ze4P1OO4QdicE0cgXbT1

CLASSMATE #2 Neely, Marsha D. (100 words min + 1 academic source):

https://stu.instructure.com/files/1729537/download?download_frd=1&verifier=aRfKv6FAckXV8zMigcH2pMDRx42doJNdG3oUFs1d

If the link is not active, simply copy and paste the link into your browser.

Research study about genetic toxicity and mechanisms of food additives. Screening and functional studies on ammonia nitrogen degrading strains.

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Bachelor in Biotechnology

Education

Sep 2019 –      Bachelor in Biotechnology (Biology/technology)

July 2023        College of life sciences and technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China

Research Experience

College of life sciences and technology

Weifang University, Weifang, China

2021 – 2022     Research group leader

  • Evaluation of the depression states of rats during establishing experimental model and recovery

2021 -2023:       Research assistant

  • Research study about genetic toxicity and mechanisms of food additives.
  • Screening and functional studies on ammonia nitrogen degrading strains.
  • Molecular mechanism of hypoxia affecting collagen expression and hydroxylation modification in scleral fibroblasts

Technical skills

Laboratory:

Cell culture                                Western Blot

ELISA                                        DNA/RNA/Protein extraction

PCR                                            HE staining

Molecular cloning                       Drosophila Hydride

Polyclonal antibody preparation with mice

Animal model creations: Arterial intubation in rabbits, endotracheal intubation in rabbits, blood sample collection from rabbits, preparation of gastrocnemius muscle specimen of toad sciatic nerve

Computer:

Microsoft office (Word, Excel and PowerPoint), Internet proficiency

Statistics:

Variance analysis, Linear regression analysis

 

Honors and Awards

2021                  First prize of Lunan Pharmaceutical Cup

(The 8th Shandong University Student Medical Biotechnology Skills Competition)

2021                  College student innovation and entrepreneurship competition

2021                  Third prize of college student scholarship

2020                  Third prize of college student scholarship

2020                   Award of top three students in Department of Life Science and Technology

 

Leadership/service

2020 – 2021          Vice director of student union learning department

2019 – 2020          Director of instrumental Orchestra of student art troupe

2019 – 2022          Director of Plum Blossom Boxing China Gongfu association

 

Volunteer experience

Aug 2016             Gilbert House Children’s Museum, Salem, OR, USA

Write an article dissemination paper. Identify the question the article attempts to answer, an analysis of the main points using critical thinking, the outcome of the article.

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Wk3 review

Write an article dissemination paper. The paper should identify the question the article attempts to answer, an analysis of the main points using critical thinking, the outcome of the article, what the textbook says about the subject, and how the information provided by the article compares to information from other sources. You should reference the text, this article, and two additional sources. You must use APA format with a cover page and a reference page. The body of the review should be a minimum of 725 words (not including the cover page or references), double-spaced.

The article is attached, reference the article throughout.

Use the textbook for in-text citations as well.
Kalat, J. W. (2018). Biological Psychology (13th Edition). Cengage Limited. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9780357304495

It has been suggested that the mirror neuron system might not work correctly in these individuals. How could you investigate this hypothesis?

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Wk3 Assignment 1 Mirror Neurons in Autism

Individuals with autism seem to not recognize that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and ideas. It has been suggested that the mirror neuron system might not work correctly in these individuals. How could you investigate this hypothesis? What types of behaviors would you expect to be impaired if the mirror neurons were not working correctly?

Use this book as a reference and for in-text citations. (the last couple of times I have ordered, the in-text citations are random and not even from the book, so ill be checking for that this time.
Kalat, J. W. (2018). Biological Psychology (13th Edition). Cengage Limited. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9780357304495