Watch the entire video. Think about the evolutionary steps needed to separate a flying, endothermic avian from scaled, running reptiles. What evidence did they give for this transition? Using the evidence you gathered from the virtual path, you will discuss evolution in the dinosaur and bird clades.

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Virtual museum visit – evolution in the dinosaur and bird clades

Go to https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/interactive-assessment-origin-birds and launch the interactive video. As you are watching the video you will need to complete the assessment questions along the way to proceed. Watch the entire video. Think about the evolutionary steps needed to separate a flying, endothermic avian from scaled, running reptiles. What evidence did they give for this transition?

PAPER:
Using the evidence you gathered from the virtual path, you will discuss evolution in the dinosaur and bird clades. You will need to gather 2 outside sources to use, in addition to the AMNH information or HHMI information. These sources must be peer reviewed, scientific journal articles. The sources cannot be older than 20 years (so, 2000-2020 publications), cannot be books or review articles, and cannot be websites. You will paraphrase information from these sources into your own words to construct a valid argument for your thoughts.

Whit is this degeneracy of the following amino acid sequence if it was reverse translated to DNA? From a previous BLAST search you have discovered that your protein of interest is rhodopsin. Which of the following are true about the protein?

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Bioinformatics

QUESTION ‘I

This is a question about translating protein sequences back to DNA. Whit is this degeneracy of the following amino acid sequence if it was reverse translated to DNA?

QUESTiON 2

This is a question about finding more information about a protein
From a previous BLAST search you have discovered that your protein of interest is rhodopsin.  Which of the following are true about the protein?

An animal breeder wants to know if a black guinea pig is homozygous or heterozygous for coat color. He test crosses the black guinea pig with a homozygous recessive white guinea pig. If one of the offspring is white, what is the genotype of the black parent guinea pig?

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GENETICS PROBLEM SOLVING

Monohybrid Crosses

  1. Free ear lobes in humans is dominant (F) to attached earlobes (f). Show the cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for free earlobes. Solve by filling out a Punnett square. What will be the probable genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their offspring?

Insert Punnett Square Photo below:

 

Genotypic Ratio:

Phenotypic Ratio:

 

  1. Tongue rolling in humans is a dominant trait (R) to non-rolling (r). If two parents are unable to roll their tongue, what will be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their offspring? Solve by filling out a punnett square

Insert Punnett Square Photo below:

 

Genotypic Ratio:

Phenotypic Ratio:

 

Test Cross

  1. An animal breeder wants to know if a black guinea pig is homozygous or heterozygous for coat color. He test crosses the black guinea pig with a homozygous recessive white guinea pig. If one of the offspring is white, what is the genotype of the black parent guinea pig?

 

Pedigree Study

  1. The ability to taste a chemical called PTC (phenolthiocarbimide) is controlled by a dominant gene (T). Use (t) for non-tasters. Shaded individuals cannot taste PTC (non-tasters). Record the genotype for all designated individuals using the table below the pedigree. For unknown dominant phenotype individuals use (T?).

 

 

 

Generation Individual Genotype (1/2 point each)
I. 1. Click or tap here to enter text.
II. 4. Click or tap here to enter text.
II. 5. Click or tap here to enter text.
III. 2. Click or tap here to enter text.

 

Dihybrid Crosses

  1. If a purebred thorny plant (T) with red flowers (R) were crossed with a plant that was purebred for yellow flowers (r) and no thorns (t), what would be the phenotypic ratio for the F₂ Generation (like the Mendel dihybrid cross for pea shape and color in notes and textbook)?

 

Insert F₂ Punnett Square Photo below:

F₂ Phenotypic Ratio: Click or tap here to enter text.

  1. In fruit flies long wing is dominant to vestigial (underdeveloped) wing and brown body is dominant to black body. Cross a fruit fly that is homozygous dominant for long wing and heterozygous for brown body with a fruit fly that is heterozygous for brown body and homozygous for vestigial wing.

Insert Punnett Square Photo below:

Phenotypic Ratio:

 

Incomplete Dominance

  1. Snapdragon flowers can be red, white, or pink. Pink flowers result when red and white flowers cross-pollinate. Red snapdragons are homozygous red (RR) and white snapdragons are homozygous white (R’R’). Show the cross between a red snapdragon and a pink snapdragon.

Insert Punnett Square Photo below:

Genotypic Ratio:

Phenotypic Ratio:

 

Codominance

  1. In Erminette chickens, one allele produces black feathers (B) and the other produces white feathers (W). Heterozygous individuals have some black feathers and some white feathers, giving them a speckled appearance. If a black rooster and a white hen mate, what would be the ratio of genotypes and phenotypes in the F2 generation?

Insert Punnett Square Photo below:

 

Genotypic Ratio:

Phenotypic Ratio:

 

Blood Typing

  1. A man with type A+ blood and a woman with type B+ blood have a baby with type O- blood. Be sure to include Rh factor (+/-). Determine the genotype for each:

Man = A+:

Woman = B+:

Baby =O-:

 

  1. There is a mix up at the hospital between parents and babies. As the administrator in charge, you MUST send the correct baby home with it proper parents. Match proper parents with their baby.

 

Baby R is A+
Baby S is B+
Baby T is B-
Baby U is O-

 

Proper Match:

Parents #1 are blood type AB- and O- Baby: Click or tap here to enter text.
Parents #2 are blood type A- and B- Baby: Click or tap here to enter text.

 

Sex-linked

  1. Hemophilia in humans is caused by a recessive mutation on the X-chromosome. What will be the outcome (genotypic and phenotypic ratio) of mating between a homozygous normal female (XHXH) and a hemophilic male (XhY)? See lecture notes for proper recording of ratios for each sex.

Insert Punnett Square Photo below:

Compare actual results to expected results. Explain unexpected/expected results by linking this to general biological principles. Evaluate the hypothesis (Describe what the p value means). Describe future experiments that could further the research on this topic.

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Procedure 2: Oil and Feathers

The results section is two parts. There is a written part, and there is a graphical part. In the graph part, you should create your own unique visual representation of the data collected from the experiment. You only need to include one image.

DO NOT use the table from the Excel spreadsheet, or the summary chart for the Excel spreadsheet. You need to come up with your own way of representing the data graphically. Again, DO NOT use the Excel spreadsheet, or cut and paste those columns into your paper.

YOU CAN ONLY USE THESE 4 reference BELOW

1.VALDEZ SPILL IN ALASKA. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00304.x

2.Yamamoto, J., & Michel, J. (2021). Oil spill. AccessScience. https://doi-org.library.collin.edu/10.1036/1097-8542.467450

3.J. Beyer et al., Environmental effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A review, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 110:28–51, 2016 DOI: https://doi-org.library.collin.edu/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.027

4.B. Laffon, E. Pasara, and V. Valdigiesias, Effects of exposure to oil spills on human health: Updated review, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B, 19(3–4):105–128, 2016 DOI: https://doi-org.library.collin.edu/10.1080/10937404.2016.1168730

Discussion:

37. Re-state expected findings.

38. Compare actual results to expected results.

39. Explain unexpected/expected results by linking this to general biological principles.

40. Evaluate the hypothesis (Describe what the p value means).
Scientists do not PROVE anything in lab reports. Instead the data supports or fails to support hypothesis.

41. Describe future experiments that could further the research on this topic.

42. State real world applications of the information.

What most stood out to you from what you read? What does this tell you about the reasons for vaccine hesitancy among minoritized communities? In what ways does this connect with what we studied in class this week? What did you learn about how we can work to build trust between the medicine/science and minoritized communities? What strategies for building trust do you think will be most effective?

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Gaining buy in

This week, we examined the details of some of the most infamous scientific studies ever conducted, many of which were conducted here in the United States. Each of these cases created an enormous amount of distrust in the scientific and medical community, particularly amongst certain groups of people. African-Americans were most directly affected by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study which is, in part, culpable for a skepticism towards healthcare that is still prevalent today. For this assignment, think about and investigate how instances of racism in medicine may have direct effects on current healthcare interventions.

To help get you started, check out this article that discusses the apprehension among minoritized communities toward the COVID vaccine. You’re welcome (and encouraged) to find other articles that cover this same topic. Then, write a 150+ word reflection about any combination of the following (your choice!):

What most stood out to you from what you read?

What does this tell you about the reasons for vaccine hesitancy among minoritized communities? In what ways does this connect with what we studied in class this week?

What did you learn about how we can work to build trust between the medicine/science and minoritized communities? What strategies for building trust do you think will be most effective?

In terms of the financing of the scheme, can you explain how the scheme is financed using publicly available information. Draw a diagram and explain the major investors, lenders, stakeholders and how they interact with each other.

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Battersea Power Station Development Project Financing

Use the Battersea Power Station Development in London as a case study for a development project and answer the following question: In terms of the financing of the scheme, can you explain how the scheme is financed using publicly available information. If you cannot find information, make assumptions. Draw also a diagram and explain the major investors, lenders, stakeholders and how they interact with each other. (800 Words + References)

 

What are the years covered in this description of biotechnology development? When this article was published, how many pharmaceutical companies were involved in the production of Gardasil? What is Gardasil? What are the top four medical disciplines for which the most biotech-developed treatment products have been produced?

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Unit IV Lecture Assignment – Evolution of Biotechnology

 

Save this document on your computer.  Type your answers in red following each prompt.  Save your document in docx, doc, or rtf format and upload it to the Assignments tab. In Brightspace.

https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1023

The above article provides an overview of the development of biotechnology in health care applications.

#1. What are the years covered in this description of biotechnology development? (0.5 pt)

#2. Choose one of the activities or products developed for patient care in the 1980s and find a source that explains how biotechnology was used for this activity or product.

  1. Description (1 pt)
  2. url for source (0.5 pt)

#3. Choose one of the activities or products developed for patient care in the 1990s and find a source that explains how biotechnology was used for this activity or product.

  1. Description (1 pt)
  2. url source (0.5 pt)

#4. Choose one of the activities or products developed for patient care in the 2000 – 2014 period and find a source that explains how biotechnology was used for this activity or product.

  1. Description (1 pt)
  2. url source (0.5 pt)

#5.  When this article was published, how many pharmaceutical companies were involved in the production of Gardasil?  What is Gardasil? (0.5 pt)

#6.  What are the top four medical disciplines for which the most biotech-developed treatment products have been produced? (1 pt)

#7.  Describe a biotechnology advance in medicine that has been developed since 2014. (1 pt)

#8.  Provide the url for the site that you used. (0.5 pt)

#9.   Describe current global advances in biotechnology. (1 pt)

#10.  Provide the url for the site that you used. (0.5)

Explain significance of your research article. Why is it important? Make sure to address state of the field and experiments prior to publication of the research article. What are the weaknesses of the paper? Are there additional papers out there that support the major findings of the paper or refute these findings? How do you reconcile these differences?

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Migratory neural crest-like cells form body pigmentation in a urochordate embryo

Write summary critique on the research paper uploaded.

1. In the first paragraph, you should summarize the major findings of the paper and approach the authors utilized to come to these conclusions.

2. Provide introduction to the research article. You should provide relevant background only. Make sure to address state of the field and experiments prior to publication of the research article. Read Reviews from that time to help.

3. When presenting the data from the research article, first pose the question the authors are addressing, then briefly describe the experimental approach, state the result and provide an interpretation of the results (authors and you). Highlight areas where data was inconclusive or strong. If data was inconclusive, offer alternative interpretations or experimental options to clarify interpretation.

4. Explain significance of your research article. Why is it important? Make sure to address state of the field and experiments prior to publication of the research article (see #2).

5. What are the weaknesses of the paper? Are there additional papers out there that support the major findings of the paper or refute these findings? How do you reconcile these differences?

6. Propose future experiments/directions to answer remaining questions

Understand the biology of a fish and how the fish functions, be able to explain a unique adaptation that fish has to help its survival/reproduction/feeding, and be able to summarize information to create an infographic.

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Pufferfish

Assignment 6: Unique fish adaptations

Upload to Blackboard by 11:59pm, Friday March 25, 2022.  As per your syllabus- you have a 2-day grace period in which to hand this in with no penalty, however it will not be accepted at all after 11:59pm, Sunday March 27, 2022.

Learning objectives: After completing this assignment, the student will (1) understand the biology of a fish and how the fish functions, (2) be able to explain a unique adaptation that fish has to help its survival/reproduction/feeding, and (3) be able to summarize information to create an infographic.

Assignment:

Fish have a host of adaptations that allow for survival in various zones of the ocean.  These adaptations increase survival and reproduction of the species, thus being favored by natural selection and being passed on each generation.

You need to choose a single species of fish.  Any fish (cartilaginous or bony fish, as we discussed in class) is acceptable.  Research your fish (use scientific, reputable sources!) and summarize the information you find into a concise, visual infographic.  An infographic is a single poster/slide of the information you find. It should contain lots of pictures and just a few bullet points summarizing the information.

Make sure to include in your infographic:

  • Name of fish (scientific and common name)
  • Where fish lives/ type of lifestyle (i.e., predator, reef dweller, pelagic swimmer, etc)
  • Adaptation
  • What adaptation is used for
  • How adaptation helps fish to survive and reproduce

Include at the bottom of your infographic any references you used (use proper citations), this includes any books, websites, journal articles, class notes, etc.

Describe the steps of the T-cell mediated immune response. Begin from an antigen entering the body. Be sure to mention and describe T-cell activation, T helper cells, MHC receptors, Cytotoxic T-cells and their roles in this immune response. Describe the steps of the B-cell immune response leading to humoral immunity. Begin from an antigen entering the body. Be sure to mention and describe B-cell activation, memory B cells, MHC receptors, plasma cells and their roles in this immune response.

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Short answer

31. In lecture, we discussed 5 ways that antibodies interact with antigens to inhibit to destroy them. List the 5 ways antibodies interact with antigens and describe how each way works to inhibit or destroy the antigen they bind to. (Suggested word count: 50-150 words or less).

32. This question has two parts. Each part should be 50-150 words.

Part A: (3pts)
First, describe the difference between disinfection and sterilization. Then answer: Is disinfecting something the same as sterilizing it? Why or why not? Take into account the techniques used in each and the level of microbial control achieved.

Part B: (2pts)
Is boiling water considered a method of disinfection or sterilization?

33. List and describe each of the 5 classes of immunoglobulins. Be sure to mention their biological functions. Also mention which immunoglobulins can be passed from mother to baby (either through the placenta and/or through breastfeeding). (50-200 words).

34. This question has two parts. Each part should be 100-200 words.

Part A: (5pts)
Describe the steps of the T-cell mediated immune response. Begin from an antigen entering the body. Be sure to mention and describe T-cell activation, T helper cells, MHC receptors, Cytotoxic T-cells and their roles in this immune response.

Part B: (5pts)
Describe the steps of the B-cell immune response leading to humoral immunity. Begin from an antigen entering the body. Be sure to mention and describe B-cell activation, memory B cells, MHC receptors, plasma cells and their roles in this immune response.

36. Explain how an mRNA vaccine works to elicit an immune response from our bodies that will lead to longer-lasting immunity. In your answer, be sure to mention: the components of the vaccine (how is the mRNA delivered to our cells?), how does the mRNA trigger an immune response from our immune cells and how do our immune cells respond to it.

(Hint: Remember that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are mRNA vaccines). (Suggested word count: 100-150 words).

37. This question has both a part A and a Part B. Be sure you address both parts.

Part A: A friend of yours refuses to get the flu shot because he says his aunt once got the flu the day after receiving the shot. He says this must mean his aunt got the flu from the flu shot. How would you explain to him that this is not possible? Please be sure to mention the components of the vaccine, possible side effects, and why people can still get the flu shortly after receiving the vaccine. (100-150 words or less)

Part B: Your friend is still not fully convinced. He suddenly says he remembers getting a flu shot once years ago when he was younger. He says this means he is still immune and doesn’t need to get another one. How would you explain to him that we need to get annual flu shots? (50-100 words or less).

39. Be sure to address each part of the question. (Suggested word count for each answer 25-50 words).
1. What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)? Are they specific to a single type of cell?
2.Give an example of a PAMP.
3. How do our white blood cells recognize PAMPs and how do our white blood cells react to PAMPs?

42. Explain why the anti-microbic, chloramphenicol can potentially be very toxic to human beings. Be sure to describe chloramphenicol’s mode of action in your answer. (Suggested word count: 50-75 words).

43. These question has a Part A and a Part B. Be sure you answer both parts. (Suggested word count for each answer: 50-75 words):

Part A: (2.5pts)
What is meant by prophylactic drug treatment and what are its purposes?

Part B: (2.5pts)
Why would someone be prescribed more than one type of antimicrobic at a time to treat an illness?

47. Describe how SARS-CoV-2’s specificity for the ACE2 receptors contributes to the harmful effects on the body, especially the lungs, seen in COVID-19. Be sure to mention ACE, ACE2, Ang I, Ang II, Ang 1-7 and how they all relate to each other. (100-150 words or less)

55. Why is cell-mediated immunity called cell-mediated immunity? Why is humoral immunity called humoral immunity? (Suggested word count: 25-50 words).

62. Consider the following sentence:
“Before the knee surgery, the patient’s leg was sterilized with alcohol”.
What is wrong with the meaning of this sentence? What would be the correct way to word this sentence? (Suggested word count: 25 words).