Describe some of the reasons why there are so few drugs to treat viral infections. Look up a drug that is used to treat viral infections and describe its mechanism of action. Which unique feature of viruses does this drug target?
UB Honors scholars are characterized by intellectual curiosity, a broad range of interests, and a commitment to a diverse and inclusive society. What experiences have helped to broaden your perspectives academically, socially and culturally? What experiences do you hope to have that will enlarge your understanding of the cultural richness of America and the world? Be as specific as possible in your answer.
Part 1: Data analysis and interpretation
Using the Virtual Organ Bath 2.8 software, you’ll study the effects of two different agonists (for example: acetylcholine & pilocarpine or carbachol) on the contraction of smooth muscle from guinea pig small intestine.
The effect of both drugs should be evaluated without and in the presence of one antagonist.
Set a list of concentrations for both acetylcholine and pilocarpine. With the help of dilution formula in the virtual organ bath software, work out the volumes required from the appropriate stock solutions.
Progressively increasing doses of the agonist should be added to the bath (use a range between 1×10-10 – 1×10-6 M) and contraction of the tissue (in gms) will be measured and recorded.
Afterwards, the appropriate antagonist (concentration in the reservoir 5×10-8 M) should be added, and the experiment is repeated using higher concentrations of the agonists (up to 1×10-4 M)
These tables are just an example of how you could record your data:
Dose used (without antagonist) Contraction Response in gms
(unit) Acetylcholine Pilocarpine
Dose used (with antagonist 5×10-8 M) Contraction Response in gms
(unit) Acetylcholine Pilocarpine
Your submitted work should include the following:
• A brief description of the design of the experiment and how the data was collected.
• Your data recorded in tables with concentration of both agonists and the corresponding antagonist.
• Answer the following questions:
1. Discuss
• What is Acetylcholine and how does it produce contraction of the smooth muscle (dynamics: receptors, type and drug-receptor interaction)?
• What is pilocarpine (or carbachol if it was chosen in the experiment) ? what is its mechanism of action? discuss briefly its therapeutic applications
• Identify two drugs that can be used for their effect on smooth muscles within the body (urinary tract, blood vessels, or respiratory system) and briefly discuss the following:
– the mechanism of action
– drug-drug interaction
– therapeutic application
2. Using Excel, or Graphpad Prism:
• Convert the contraction values into %response and the dose into log10 for each drug
• Plot the following graphs :
o the %response vs. log10 dose for acetylcholine (with and without the antagonist, 2 curves in the same graph)
o the %response vs. log10 dose for pilocarpine or carbachol (with and without the antagonist, 2 curves in the same graph)
• Describe both graphs:
o Compare the 2 dose-response curves (without antagonists): which agonist is the most potent? And which one is the most effective? provide evidence from your data.
o Provide an approximate value of ED50 for both acetylcholine and pilocarpine or carbachol.
o Analyse the effect of the antagonists on the dose-response curves for both drugs. How would you describe the mechanism of action of the antagonist on the muscarinic receptors?
Part 2: Case Studies
Read the following three case studies and answer all questions:
1. A patient is taking Paroxetine and presents to A&E with tremor, tachycardia, hypertension and high temperature. After a genetic screening, the variant CYP2D6*4 is identified. Discuss:
• What is Paroxetine and how does it work (mechanism and clinical use)?
• What is the role of the CYP2D6 in the drugs’ metabolism in general?
• What is the metabolic pathway of Paroxetine and how is it affected by the genetic variant described in this case study?
• What is the resulting alteration in the blood levels of Paroxetine?
• What is the link between the altered blood levels of Paroxetine and the signs and symptoms reported (can you identify the syndrome)?
2. A 20 yo woman with history of poorly controlled asthma presents to the A&E with severe shortness of breath and audible respiratory wheezing. She has normal blood pressure but she is pale. She uses terbutaline inhaler when needed but now the inhaler isn’t helping
• What emergency drug should be administered?
• Discuss: the indications, side-effects and mechanism of action of the proposed drug
• What long-term therapy should follow, after she is stabilized?
• Discuss: the indications, side-effects and mechanism of action of the proposed therapy for long-term management
3. A 57 year old female presents to the GP with palpitations on and off for 4 months. The patient describes the palpitations as feeling like missed beats, flutters, and a racing heart usually of sudden onset. Her medical/health history reveals that she has hypertension (BP 152/94 mmHg), she is a mild diabetic, and also suffers from gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). She has a BMI of 38. Her medications include Cilazapril and Hydrochlorothiazide, and Omeprazole.
A blood test revealed the following:
Test Result
FBC (full blood count) Normal
TFTs (Thyroid function tests) TSH 3.2 (0.6-4.5)
U+E (urea & electrolytes) K+ 3.2 mmol/l (3.5-5.0 mmol/l)
Magnesium 0.68 mmol/l (0.75-1.25 mmol/l)
Urea 7.8 mmol/l (3.6-7.1 mmol/l)
Creatinine 118 mcmol/l (52.2-91.9 mcmol/l)
Random glucose 9.8 mmol/l (3.0-7.8 mmol/l)
Normal ranges are shown in the table between brackets.
Analyse this case using a critical thinking approach as outlined below:
Gather, analyse and interpret the relevant medical and pharmacological information the clinician needs before treating this patient. (Assessment)
What are the relevant assumptions you have about this case, and what investigations would you undertake to confirm these assumptions? Would you check the levels of any other electrolytes?
Devise a care plan – what are the possible interventions/drugs that could be used to treat this patient? Consider the implications and consequences of the possible interventions and devise a ‘complete’ care plan (short & long term).
To what extent has human genetic modification impacted our ability to sustain life on planet earth
Gabriele is a 31-year-old native of Urban City, America. She is a sale associate at a store in the local mall, and her husband Charles is a 33-year-old welder at a local factory that assembles heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. They have been married for 5 years. They are both diabetic, and Gabriel’s husband is currently undergoing tests to evaluate him for possible bladder cancer.
Many years ago, there were nationwide news headlines about the poor water quality in her city. The headlines of new reports stated that the drinking water contaminated with lead at an average concentration of 5 ppm. What the news reports did not mention is that the water also tested for arsenic concentrations of up to 12 ppm. Gabriele remembers being told not to drink the water from the house anymore. For a while, the government even supplied bottled water for the residents in her area. Over the years, the media news died down. The government has claimed to address the water problem and showed that they successfully removed the lead contamination from the drinking water, so everyone in her area resumed life as usual. Some time later, the free supply of bottled water stopped being offered and people resumed drinking and cooking with the water from their faucets. The elevated arsenic level in the water supply was never addressed
Based on the case study, prepare a case study report at least one page in length that answer the following questions:
Explain how arsenic from this scenario is processed in the body. Discuss factor that can affect toxicity.
Explain the symptoms and effects of long term arsenic exposure.
Discuss the target organs and impact on these organs from arsenic exposure.
Utilize at 1east two credible references when responding to this assignment. Adhere to APA style when creating citations and references for this assignment.
Choose an abnormality/disease affecting one of the body systems covered within this course. Perform a literature review of the most current research of the disease including what’s considered to be the abnormality (be specific…what’s not working properly), cause(s) of the abnormality, symptoms, and latest treatments.
Identify three GW IBS faculty trainers and describe your interest in their research programs.
First, read the document “guidelines unknown 2020,” follow the guidelines, and start your work.
Analyze and give the names of the two bacteria in the “unknown 22” file according to the document “unknown 22”.
You need to analyze the results and describe the changes in each dish. As in the example document “IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN BACTERIA.”
Your two unknowns are within the following list: remember you have a Gram-positive and a Gram-negative bacteria.
Micrococcus luteus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Proteus vulgaris,
E. coli,
Bacillus subtilis
Enterobacter aerogenes,
Serratia marcescens,
Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Enterococcus faecalis
In your results, you need to name the unknown bacteria from the above ten bacteria, one gram-positive and one gram-negative.
Write the experiment report according to the example format “IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN BACTERIA” in the attachment.
You must watch this video, and you will know how to name the bacteria.
You need to follow the two pictures and name the unknown bacteria after you watch the video.
For more details, you must see the document “practical 2”.
In document “practical 2” has two pictures and you must follow the picture and find the unknown bacteria’s name.
In this lab, you will be learning about the process of mitosis. Mitosis consists of different stages that allow the cell to prepare for division. Cell division occurs for the following reasons: growth, development, and repair. Each cell goes through its own cell cycle. It begins when a previous cell splits and it ends when the cell either dies or splits again. The first phase of the cell cycle is called G1. During G1, the cell primarily grows. This is then followed by the S phase. During the S phase, the cell replicates its DNA. The S phase is then followed by the G2 phase, which is when the cell further prepares for cell division by copying organelles and creating microtubules to be used later. The next phase is the M phase, which is what today’s lab is about. M stands for mitosis, and it occurs at the end of the cell cycle. Mitosis consists of 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by a process called cytokinesis. During prophase, the nuclear envelope dissolves and the chromosomes condense and become visible. During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell. During anaphase, the sister chromatids begin to separate and travel to opposite ends of the cell. During telophase, the chromosomes end up at opposite ends of the cell, the nuclear envelope reforms, and then the chromosomes begin to unravel. See the picture below to get an idea of what each phase of mitosis looks like. Between mitosis events, the cell goes through Interphase (inter= between). During interphase, the cell grows and can go into a dormant phase. If not, it will continue to prepare for mitosis.
In today’s lab, you will see these different phases of mitosis under the microscope and then you are going to determine how long each cell spends in each phase of mitosis.
Identifying the Stages of Mitosis.
Obtain your slide box from your lab kit, and obtain your microscope.
Place the slide called “Onion Root Tip Mitosis” on the microscope and begin searching for cells in the different stages of mitosis.
Draw each of the phases that you saw in the space below:
11.2 – Determining Lengths of Time Spent in Mitosis Phases
Looking at the onion root slide, locate 50 cells that appeared to be actively dividing when the slide was made. Notice how these cells are arranged in columns. This will allow you to easily keep track of them while you are doing this activity.
For each of the 50 cells you chose, identify which stage of mitosis the cell is in, and keep track using the “tally marks” section of the table below.
Once you have tallied 50 cells, count how many were present for each phase of mitosis and write that number in the “count” section of the table.
Think about it:
Which phase had the most cells?
Which phase had the least cells?
Calculate the percentage of cells found in each phase. This can be done by dividing the number of cells in the phase by 50, which is the total number of cells in the count, and then multiply your answer by 100. Enter this number in the “percentage” section of the table.
The percentage of cells found in each phase is a measure of how long each phase lasts. For example, if 25 percent of the cells are in prophase, then prophase takes 25 percent of the total time it takes for a cell to undergo mitosis. Mitosis in onion cells takes about 80 minutes. Calculate the actual time for each phase using this information and the percentage you have just determined. Use the following equation to find the duration of each phase of mitosis in onion cells.
Question: Present a question. What is the question that you want to answer? (for example: is it possible to introduce wt CFTR sequence into the mutant CFTR allele and have it function as CFTR is predicted to?).
2. Introduction: Describe background of gene/condition, etc. What does your audience need to know about this? What causes it? What is the specific sequence change (if disease). How many people are affected? What are the effects? Why is this an important question to address? [If you are proposing a novel creation, such as GFP kitties, Instead describe why this would be a useful or profitable venture, and how it is similar and different from previous items on the market, like “GloFish”]. Be sure to cite sources to describe the background information, including info about the genes, the role of the genes to be targeted, overview of disease or condition resulting from mutant alleles (if applicable), or an overview of the function of the genes to be altered/fused (if applicable).
3. Proposed Strategy: How will you address this? Be specific. What will the constructs look like? Describe your strategy for creating the sgRNA construct and the donor DNA construct, and provide a diagram that includes the relevant
sequence. In your diagram, please show: target sequence, PAM, sgRNA sequence, where mutation occurs (if applicable), where cut site/s is/are. If creating a fusion protein, please show in your diagram where your inserted gene will go. Also,
show what the sequence of your donor DNA is (no need to include entire gene sequence for GFP or other inserted protein for fusion protein projects, just indicate the gene with a labeled rectangle (as in the lab protocols), with the relevant homologous sequence.
4. Delivery: Comment on how you would deliver the components needed for CRISPR to happen, and to which cell population within the organism. Our Moodle site has a review paper that describes different ways of delivering CRISPR components that you may find helpful.
5. Results: Describe how you would determine if CRISPR was successful. Describe what the phenotypic effects of the CRISPR would be on the patient or organism, and also, describe how you would confirm with PCR that the gene edit was
successful. Provide the PCR primer sequences.
6. Conclusion: Comment on what the overall effects of this new technology would be on health/society. Put this into context to make it clear in what ways this would be helpful/useful. In a separate paragraph, Discuss drawbacks to this technique, and importantly, ethical implications for the use of this technology. What is controversial about CRISPR? Does the technique you are using create heritable changes in DNA? What about the change you are trying to effect in general – what potential effects does this have on the community of individuals for whom this would affect (It will be important to set this up in your introduction section as well – Research how the gene you are trying edit affects communities with that allele)?
Include figures and legends. The uploaded resources are just guides.
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