Basic overview of the entire issue – what is it? What is being done about the problem or what do people propose should be done?

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Over pollution

Your report needs four sections plus the literature cited. These sections can be separate with headings or part of an overall paper. There is no minimum length, but you probably need at least one full page (and two is better).

The four sections are:
1. Basic overview of the entire issue – what is it?
2. History of the problem
3. What is being done about the problem or what do people propose should be done?
4. Your thoughts on the issue – synthesize all of the above sections and try to draw some conclusions of your own

What is pilocarpine (or carbachol if it was chosen in the experiment) ? what is its mechanism of action? discuss briefly its therapeutic applications

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Applied Pharmacology Coursework

Part 1: Data analysis and interpretation

Using the Virtual Organ Bath 2.8 software, you’ll study the effects of two different agonists (for example: acetylcholine & pilocarpine or carbachol) on the contraction of smooth muscle from guinea pig small intestine.

The effect of both drugs should be evaluated without and in the presence of one antagonist.

Set a list of concentrations for both acetylcholine and pilocarpine. With the help of dilution formula in the virtual organ bath software, work out the volumes required from the appropriate stock solutions.

Progressively increasing doses of the agonist should be added to the bath (use a range between 1×10-10 – 1×10-6 M) and contraction of the tissue (in gms) will be measured and recorded.

Afterwards, the appropriate antagonist (concentration in the reservoir 5×10-8 M) should be added, and the experiment is repeated using higher concentrations of the agonists (up to 1×10-4 M)

These tables are just an example of how you could record your data:
Dose used (without antagonist) Contraction Response in gms
(unit) Acetylcholine Pilocarpine

Dose used (with antagonist 5×10-8 M) Contraction Response in gms

(unit) Acetylcholine Pilocarpine

Your submitted work should include the following:
• A brief description of the design of the experiment and how the data was collected.
• Your data recorded in tables with concentration of both agonists and the
corresponding antagonist.
• Answer the following questions:

1. Discuss
• What is Acetylcholine and how does it produce contraction of the smooth muscle (dynamics:
receptors, type and drug-receptor interaction)?
• What is pilocarpine (or carbachol if it was chosen in the experiment) ? what is its mechanism of action? discuss briefly its therapeutic applications
• Identify two drugs that can be used for their effect on smooth muscles within the body (urinary tract, blood vessels, or respiratory system) and briefly discuss the following:
– the mechanism of action
– drug-drug interaction
– therapeutic application

2. Using Excel, or Graphpad Prism:

• Convert the contraction values into %response and the dose into log10 for each drug
• Plot the following graphs :

o the %response vs. log10 dose for acetylcholine (with and without the antagonist, 2 curves in the same graph)
o the %response vs. log10 dose for pilocarpine or carbachol (with and without the antagonist, 2 curves in the same graph)

• Describe both graphs:

o Compare the 2 dose-response curves (without antagonists): which agonist is the most potent? And which one is the most effective? provide evidence from your data.
o Provide an approximate value of ED50 for both acetylcholine and pilocarpine or carbachol.
o Analyse the effect of the antagonists on the dose-response curves for both drugs. How would you describe the mechanism of action of the antagonist on the muscarinic receptors?

Part 2: Case Studies

Read the following three case studies and answer all questions:

1. A patient is taking Paroxetine and presents to A&E with tremor, tachycardia, hypertension
and high temperature. After a genetic screening, the variant CYP2D6*4 is identified. Discuss:

• What is Paroxetine and how does it work (mechanism and clinical use)?
• What is the role of the CYP2D6 in the drugs’ metabolism in general?
• What is the metabolic pathway of Paroxetine and how is it affected by the genetic variant described in this case study?
• What is the resulting alteration in the blood levels of Paroxetine?
• What is the link between the altered blood levels of Paroxetine and the signs and symptoms reported (can you identify the syndrome)?

2. A 20 yo woman with history of poorly controlled asthma presents to the A&E with severe shortness of breath and audible respiratory wheezing. She has normal blood pressure but she is pale. She uses terbutaline inhaler when needed but now the inhaler isn’t helping
• What emergency drug should be administered?
• Discuss: the indications, side-effects and mechanism of action of the proposed drug
• What long-term therapy should follow, after she is stabilized?
• Discuss: the indications, side-effects and mechanism of action of the proposed therapy for long-term management

3. A 57 year old female presents to the GP with palpitations on and off for 4 months. The patient describes the palpitations as feeling like missed beats, flutters, and a racing heart usually of sudden onset. Her medical/health history reveals that she has hypertension (BP 152/94 mmHg), she is a mild diabetic, and also suffers from gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). She has a BMI of 38. Her medications include Cilazapril and Hydrochlorothiazide, and Omeprazole.

A blood test revealed the following:
Test Result
FBC (full blood count) Normal
TFTs (Thyroid function tests) TSH 3.2 (0.6-4.5)
U+E (urea & electrolytes) K+ 3.2 mmol/l (3.5-5.0 mmol/l)
Magnesium 0.68 mmol/l (0.75-1.25 mmol/l)
Urea 7.8 mmol/l (3.6-7.1 mmol/l)
Creatinine 118 mcmol/l (52.2-91.9 mcmol/l)
Random glucose 9.8 mmol/l (3.0-7.8 mmol/l)
Normal ranges are shown in the table between brackets.
Analyse this case using a critical thinking approach as outlined below:
Gather, analyse and interpret the relevant medical and pharmacological information the clinician needs before treating this patient. (Assessment)
What are the relevant assumptions you have about this case, and what investigations would you undertake to confirm these assumptions? Would you check the levels of any other electrolytes?
Devise a care plan – what are the possible interventions/drugs that could be used to treat this patient? Consider the implications and consequences of the possible interventions and devise a ‘complete’ care plan (short & long term).

Describe how this change or new organ would enable the humanoid to function better on this planet than on Earth.

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Proxima Centauri

Prompt:
The closest star to our own, approximately 4.2 light-years away or 25 trillion miles, is the red-dwarf, Proxima Centauri. This low-mass star is about 12% the mass of our Sun, however, a planet has been observed rotating around this red-dwarf star called Proxima c. This exoplanet is approximately 1.3 times the size of earth and appears to have a rocky terrain. Because of its rotation, Proxima c would have approximately 22 Earth days between sunrises and the surface temperature would be approximately -40C. Evidence of both atmospheric and liquid water on the surface has been observed. Because of the closeness of this planet to the Proxima Centauri, the planet is flooded with 400x more radiation than Earth and a solar wind pressure 2000x that experienced on Earth. Due to these factors, the inhabitants of this planet would most likely live underground and would only venture above ground for resources. They would be bipedal humanoids, resembling humans in their anatomy and physiology. However, considering the differences between Proxima c and Earth, there will be adaptations that would ensure their survival on Proxima c.

Analysis:
Using this information, you should describe and justify one adaptation to the nervous system that this organism would have to inhabit Proxima c. This analysis should include the following:
• Description of the physiology of the human nervous system (using your textbook as a primary information source).
• An explanation of how the environment of Proxima c may affect the functioning of the human nervous system.
• Propose an adaptation to the human nervous system the Proxima c humanoid would have to compensate for the environment.
o The adaptation can be based on changes in a human organ to make it work more efficiently on Proxima c or can be an organ that is not found in the human nervous system.
• The proposal should include justification as to why that particular adaption would benefit the humanoid more than any other adaptation to the nervous system.
o Justifications should be based on known scientific principles and research.
• Describe how this change or new organ would enable the humanoid to function better on this planet than on Earth.
• Use reliable sources and identify the relevant information used for your analysis and justification.

What steps would you need to take to develop an immunohisto chemical method to identify Epstein Barr virus in tonsil tissue removed from a patient?

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Immunohisto chemistry

What steps would you need to take to develop an immunohisto chemical method to identify Epstein Barr virus in tonsil tissue removed from a patient? Include the processing stages for the tissue.

Find additional articles, discuss what is solid data, what is preliminary and needs more investigation. Where should further studies go?

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Essay/opinion piece on how bacteria can influence brain function or health

Find additional articles, discuss what is solid data, what is preliminary and needs more investigation. Where should further studies go?

If the DNA sequence is AAG the amino acid that this encodes for is phenylalanine?   true or false In which site of the ribosome does the charged tRNA move into initially? If the mRNA sequence is UAU then the amino acid this encodes for is valine?   true or false?

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Choose the right answers

1 If the DNA sequence is AAG the amino acid that this encodes for is phenylalanine?   true or false

2 In which site of the ribosome does the charged tRNA move into initially?

a P site

b A site

ctE site

d none of the sites

3 If the mRNA sequence is UAU then the amino acid this encodes for is valine?   true or false?

4 which site on the ribosome holds the growing polypeptide chain?

a E site

b A site

c Polypetide is not formed in a ribosome

d P site

5 A codon that encode for serine is AGU?   true or false

6 Can a person with type A blood and a person with type B blood have a chid with type O blood ?

a no it is impossible since A and B are dominant
b no, because they do not carry the O allele
c yes , if they both carry the O allele

How it is formed? Is it inherited how common is it ?What tests are performed and how it is taken care of. How is Parkinson connected to the brain spinal cord and nerves.

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Parkinson disease

Everything about Parkinson disease. How it is formed? Is it inherited how common is it ?What tests are performed and how it is taken care of.
How is Parkinson connected to the brain spinal cord and nerves.

Explore how the function of respiratory system can be impaired, how they affect a person’s life, and what are the treatment options.

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Discussion IV-disease of respiratory system – Diseases of respiratory system 4

This discussion is designed to help you learn about abnormalities of the respiratory system.

Introduction
This week you have learned about respiratory system anatomy and physiology in the lab.  This discussion is designed to help you to explore how the function of respiratory system can be impaired, how they affect a person’s life, and what are the treatment options.

Task
For this discussion pick a disease of respiratory system that you are curious about and search for the symptoms, causes, and treatment options from valid clinical resources.  Then try to explain that disorder to your peers. The cause of disorder could be anything from Cancer, genetic, infection trauma, congenital disorder, and side effect of other organ systems malfunction.

In your initial post,
Describe the causes and symptoms of the disorder.
After reading about current research in finding therapy and a cure, pick one area of research and explain the challenges.
At the end of your post, include an open-ended question to which your classmates can respond.
Check the rubric for the minimum number of words you need to use and other requirements.
You can Only pick a topic that is not chosen by other students.  Therefore once you chose your topic claim it by initiating your post.
You can upload pictures or videos into your discussion if you wish to.

Which statement below explains why the mussels in Mukkaw Bay were able to quickly cover the rockface in Paine’s experiment?

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Trophic Cascades

1. True/False. All members of a food web are equal in abundance and in their relative effects on one another.

2. Explain the reasoning or evidence you used to answer Question 1.

3. True/False. Every member of a food web is the prey of another member of the food web. _________

4. Explain the reasoning or evidence you used to answer Question 3.

5. Which statement below explains why the mussels in Mukkaw Bay were able to quickly cover the rockface in
Paine’s experiment?

a. The starfish took up most of the room on the rocks, and when the starfish were removed, the mussels occupied the empty spaces.
b. Paine added more mussels to the rocks, causing the starfish to move to other habitats.
c. The starfish were competing directly with the mussels for food, and removing the starfish allowed the mussels more access to the food.
d. Starfish feed on mussels, so when the starfish were removed the mussels no longer had a predator and their populations grew unchecked.

6. In the film, Paine recalls that a year after the starfish had been removed, the number of species decreased from 15 to eight, after three years the number went down to seven, and after another seven years it was almost all only mussels. In the control plots the number and diversity of species was basically unchanged.

Which statement(s) best explain(s) these results?
I. Keystone species are critical to the diversity and stability of an ecosystem.
II. When a predator is removed, the prey of that predator always increases and species not eaten by the predator always decrease.
III. The disappearance of producers from an ecosystem can cause the number of predators to increase.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. I, II, and II

7. Before the 1960s, most ecologists thought that the number of producers in an ecosystem was the only variable that limits the number of herbivores. The idea was that every level was regulated by the amount of food from the trophic level below it.

a. How did the green world hypothesis differ from this “bottom–up” view?
b. Imagine a simple food chain: Grass –> Grasshoppers –> Mice. If snakes that eat mice are added to the ecosystem, how would you redraw the food chain to represent this change?
c. After the snakes are added, would you expect the amount of grass to increase or decrease? Explain your reasoning.

Calculate the concentrations of cytokines secreted in the unknown samples (A-D) and complete data tables D & E. Present the results of your analysis of ALL the experimental samples in separate graphs showing the degree of biological variation.

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ELISA experiment rheumatoid arthritis

Data analysis: analyse the data you are provided with to determine the amount of IL-17 and IL-10 produced by each of the four experimental samples (A-D).
1. Plot and present annotated standard curves of the two ELISA experiments on graphs using an appropriate analysis package (e.g. Excel, Prism) – ensure graphs are presented and labelled appropriately. (8 marks)

2. Calculate the concentrations of cytokines secreted in the unknown samples (A-D) and complete data tables D & E. Present the results of your analysis of ALL the experimental samples (including those generated above) in separate graphs showing the degree of biological variation. (6 marks)

Results description (500 words maximum).
1. Draw a schematic of the experiment (4 marks)
2. Describe the results (12 marks)
Remember to include a description of what the CIA samples did in comparison to respective baseline samples and the differences between the samples pre-treated and untreated with the immunomodulatory agent. Comment on what the sensitivity of the two ELISA experiments was and how reliable and reproducible the results are.

Results discussion (500 words maximum). (20 marks)
Give a brief discussion and conclusion for your findings. Why were these two cytokines measured? What can they tell us about the autoimmune response in RA? Why might pre-treatment with the immunomodulatory agent BiP prevent joint damage and what effect might this have on the T cells. Finally, can you find any research literature that supports these conclusions in human RA?