Does Dakota have Christmas disease?-What treatment might be available in the future to help patients like Dakota? What do you think about the treatment. Do you support or oppose it? Why?

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Dakota have Christmas disease

Summarize the videos
Give us your opinion on the topic. What did you like about the videos, what you did not like?
Does Dakota have Christmas disease? Justify your answer
What treatment might be available in the future to help patients like Dakota?
What do you think about the treatment. Do you support or oppose it? Why?

Find and post a video that better explains the CRISPR technology

In your thoughts on the experiments and the methods they used, and whether you think they covered all of their bases to come to these conclusions. Also, are there other compounds that they should have tested? Do you think using a pseudotyped virus is sufficient?

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Human organs-on-chips as tools for repurposing approved drugs as potential influenza and COVID19 therapeutics in viral pandemics

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039917v1

In particular,in your thoughts on the experiments and the methods they used, and whether you think they covered all of their bases to come to these conclusions.

Also, are there other compounds that they should have tested?

Do you think using a pseudotyped virus is sufficient?

Why are scientists so reluctant to let go of Koch’s postulates even though they often chafe – as Koch did – under their restrictions> Why are Koch’s postulates, with all of their problems, still as relevant today as they were when Koch first proposed them?

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The Power of Bacteria

2. More and more research groups are seeking to show that changes in the microbiota of a particular site are involved in diseases such as periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and premature birth. Critics object that showing an association is not the same as demonstrating cause and effect. In the case of the obesity study, scientists tried to do this by inoculating germfree mice with different variations of the microbiota. Clearly, this would not be possible in humans. How might you prove cause and effect in humans?

4. Members of the microbiota cause some quite serious diseases. How could a bacterium that normally lives in a beneficial or neutral association with its human host cause serious disease?

6. The assertion is made in this chapter that scientists now believe that transfer of DNA by conjugation in the colon is occurring across species and genus lines. Suppose you found the same type of antibiotic-resistance gene in members of two different genera. What criteria might you use to show that the gene was transferred horizontally? How might you suspect that the gene was transferred by conjugation?

8. PCR combined with sequencing can provide a quick identification of bacteria. What are the limitations of this approach?

Reading Review Questions – Chapter 6
The Power of Bacteria

2. Why are scientists so reluctant to let go of Koch’s postulates even though they often chafe – as Koch did – under their restrictions> Why are Koch’s postulates, with all of their problems, still as relevant today as they were when Koch first proposed them?

4. We mentioned the possibility that some diseases might be caused by shifts in the microbiota of a site on the human body. Along these lines, some oral microbiologists have pointed to an association between gingivitis (gum disease), caused by microbes found in dental plaques and cardiovascular disease. Could you formulate Koch’s postulates for such a disease? If so, how would you set up an experiment to satisfy these postulates?

6. Are there certain disease cases where it might be allowable to use human volunteers as experimental subjects in order to satisfy Koch’s postulates? What are those instances?

Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
2. You have just received an urgent call from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to consult on the following case of an unusual disease outbreak that they have been investigating. A new Gram-positive bacterium related to Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from an outbreak of food poisoning in Wisconsin due to contaminated cheese that appears to cause painful gastritis and, in about half of the exposed individuals, sudden onset of bleeding ulcers, followed by death from toxic shock within two to three days. Upon biopsy of the infected individuals, it was found that the bacteria were growing on the surface of epithelial cells lining the gastric pit of the stomach. Autopsy of individuals who died showed that bacteria were found only in the stomach and not in any of the other body organs. The researchers at the CDC have subsequently determined that, like Listeria monocytogenes, this new species of Listeria invades epithelial cells in tissue culture. Which, if any, of Koch’s postulates have been satisfied for the involvement of this new Listeria strain with gastritis, bleeding ulcers, and toxic shock? What additional measures could the researchers take to help satisfy Koch’s postulates?

4. In 1976, the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in downtown Philadelphia hosted a convention of members of the American Foreign Legion. During the convention, 221 legionnaires developed a new form of pneumonia and 24 people died. Infectious disease specialists working for the CDC were sent to Philadelphia to identify the cause of this new, mysterious illness, which not surprisingly was named Legionnaires’ disease. Using Koch’s postulates, list the steps that those specialists had to take to complete their assignment. Briefly explain the significance of each step. These specialists understood that it is not always possible to follow Koch’s postulates to the letter. As they embarked on their quest to identify the causative agent of this new illness, list at least two problems that they might have faced in attempting to fulfill Koch’s postulates.

 

Write a summary on this article and make sure to explain each one of the figures

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Write a summary on this article. Given an example. It’s really important that the summary looks like example.Make sure to explain each one of the figures

PRESTO-TANGO: an open-source resource for interrogation of
the druggable human GPCR-omeW.K. Kroeze1, M.F. Sassano1, X.-P. Huang1, K. Lansu1, J.D. McCorvy1, P.M. Giguere1, N. Sciaky1, and B.L. Roth1,2
1Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program1, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 275142Program in Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, and Division of
Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry2, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514

Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of cellular signaling and important targets of drug action. Of the approximately 350 non-olfactory human GPCRs, more than 100 are
still considered “orphans” as their endogenous ligand(s) remain unknown. Here, we describe a unique open-source resource that provides the capacity to interrogate the druggable human GPCR-
ome via a G protein-independent β-arrestin recruitment assay. We validate this unique platform at more than 120 non-orphan human GPCR targets, demonstrate its utility for discovering new
ligands for orphan human GPCRs, and describe a method (PRESTO-TANGO; Parallel Receptor-ome Expression and Screening via Transcriptional Output – TANGO) for the simultaneous and parallel interrogation of the entire human GPCR-ome.G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are proteins with seven transmembrane helices capable of transducing a wide variety of extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals, mediated by G proteins of four groups, Gs, Gi, G12 or 13 or Gq, as well as arrestins and other effectors1. The human genome encodes more than 350 different non-olfactory GPCRs, as well as a similar number of olfactory GPCRs2–4. In addition to their roles as signal
transducers, GPCRs are the targets for more than one-third of currently prescribed medications5, 6. Approximately one-third of the non-olfactory GPCRs in the human genome
are “orphan” GPCRs, i.e., their endogenous or natural ligands are unknown2–4, while many more are inadequately interrogated with respect to their ligands. Thus, much of the
druggable GPCR-ome – like other drug target families such as the kinome7, represents ‘dark
Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research,
subject always to the full Conditions of use:http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#termsCorresponding author: Bryan L. Roth, 4072 Genetic Medicine, UNC-CH School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365; Phone:
919-966-7535; Fax: 919-843-5788; bryan_roth@med.unc.edu.WKK, MFS and X-P H: Contributed equally
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS: BLR and WKK conceived the general approach; WKK designed the constructs; WKK, FS, KL and
XPH executed and analyzed validation, profiling and confirmatory assays; JDM and PMG validated assays; NS assisted with high
content microscopy; FS designed, executed and analyzed the simultaneous profiling strategy; BLR, WKK, FS, KL and XPH wrote the paper; BLR was responsible for the overall strategy.
HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscriptNat Struct Mol Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 November 01.
Published in final edited form as:
Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2015 May ; 22(5): 362–369. doi:10.1038/nsmb.3014.
Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript matter’ of the human genome. As many of these sparsely annotated GPCRs will likely represent fruitful future therapeutic targets, identifying drug-like chemical leads for the
entire family of druggable GPCRs represents a major goal for chemical biology.
Unfortunately, interrogating the druggable GPCR-ome en masse in a parallel and simultaneous fashion is currently technologically and economically unfeasible.The difficulty in screening the entire druggable GPCR-ome in parallel is due mainly to the
inherent diversity of signal transduction cascades, rendering attempts at parallel profiling challenging. Thus, for instance, functional assays for the identification of agonists at orphan
and other sparsely annotated GPCRs have typically used readouts that depend on the native or forced1 coupling of GPCRs with G proteins, e.g., Gs, Gi, Gq or G12 or 138–14.
Unfortunately, these approaches are not well suited for the parallel and simultaneous genome-wide interrogation of the druggable GPCR-ome1. Alternatively, measurement of G-protein independent β-arrestin recruitment provides a feasible and universal assay platform, since nearly all tested GPCRs can induce arrestin translocation15, 16 (Supplementary Table
1). A wide variety of approaches has been described to quantify GPCR-β-arrestin interactions, including high content screening (HCS)17, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)18, enzyme complementation19, and transcriptional activation following arrestin translocation (TANGO)20, although none are routinely performed in a genome-wide, parallel manner. As we show here, the TANGO approach has a number of advantages for high throughput assays, including its independence from G protein coupling, generally high signal-to-background ratios, and its amplification of relatively small initial inputs into large readout signals. Independence from G protein coupling facilitates interrogation of orphan GPCRs, whose coupling partners are unknown. Some of the advantages of the TANGO assay might also be shared by other readout systems, including, for example,
assays for changes in impedance or dynamic mass redistribution (reviewed in 21) and indeed, arrestin recruitment may be part of the dynamic mass redistribution response measured in receptor-expressing cells responding to agonists, as suggested, but not directly shown, by the results of Hennen et al22. Our goal was to develop the TANGO assay into a platform that could encompass the entire druggable GPCR-ome. Although our assay does not differ significantly in terms of the general concept from that of Barnea et al.20, several notable changes including the design of the plasmid constructs and assay execution have
distinct advantages, as we describe below. We also demonstrate a method (PRESTO-TANGO; Parallel Receptor-ome Expression and Screening via Transcriptional Output-TANGO) that facilitates the rapid, efficacious, parallel, and simultaneous profiling of
biologically active compounds across essentially the entire human druggable GPCR-ome.
Additionally, we document how our approach leads to the facile identification of new
synthetic and naturally-occurring agonists for orphan GPCRs. Finally, as our platform is open-source, our methods and reagents are made freely available to the scientific community.
Kroeze et al. Page 2
Nat Struct Mol Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 November 01.
Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript

 

Below is the general format you should use for your reviews. You should add more details for each section, this is just an example for format.

Baird et al. – 2014 – HSF-1-mediated cytoskeletal integrity determines thermotolerance and life span
Discovered that thermotolerance is regulated by HSF-1 but not through upregulation of heat shock proteins as previously thought.
They authors used molecular biology techniques such as PCR, plasmid construction methods, etc. to show that truncated versions of the HSF-1 gene have decreased transcriptional activity in C. elegans.
Fig 1. Only the full-length HSF-1 gene leads to heat shock protein expression, however both full length and truncated genes increase thermotolerance and life span.
Fig 2. HSF-1 regulates PAT-10 expression. Knock out of PAT-10 causes a decrease in thermotolerance and overexpression increases thermotolerance. The PAT-10 effect is independent of heat shock proteins.
Fig 3. Use fluorescence microscopy and GFP to assess the actin cytoskeleton. Loss of PAT-10 leads to a messed-up actin cytoskeleton when animals were heat stressed. Overexpression of PAT-10 protected the actin cytoskeleton from heat stress. Overexpression also delayed the decrease in F actin that is normally seen with aging.
Fig 4. Using pharmacology they showed that disrupting the actin cytoskeleton in human cells also impaired their thermotolerance.
The transcription factor HSF-1 affects thermotolerance by controlling the expression of PAT-10, which is required to keep the actin cytoskeleton from collapsing. HSF-1 regulation of PAT-10 is independent of its heat shock protein responsibilities. Over-expressing PAT-10 increased thermotolerance and life span. Pathways that activate PAT-10 should be explored further because the pathway would make a good target for the treatment of age-related diseases.

Discuss five different types of pollution: chemical, biological, radiation, sound, and aesthetic pollution. Provide an example for each type of pollution

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Environmental pollution

For this assignment, you will write a 1200–1500 word report discussing five different types of pollution: chemical, biological, radiation, sound, and aesthetic pollution. Provide an example for each type of pollution. Based on your research on these types of pollution, select the type of pollution that you believe is the worst and provide a justification for your selection. Format your paper in APA style with a title page, body and references. Provide at least three scholarly references to include at least one of the assigned reading materials in Unit 3. The 1200–1500 word count is based on the content (body) of your paper. References: The document must include at least three scholarly references. For information on APA formatting please go to the Writing Center and refer to the Writing Center Resource file in Course Documents.

What have been your most significant learning experiences in college so far? This can be inside or outside your classroom experience.

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Consider your answers to all three Admissions Questions carefully. You are given limited space for answers. They should be to the point, thoughtful, and grammatically correct. There is not one right answer to these questions; our intent is for you to reflect on what your unique and genuine answer is. The reviewers of your application will not be “looking for” something specific other than to better understand why you want to study Biology. Biology Academic Services Staff will not be available to assist you with writing and reviewing your short answers. Having completed an introductory sequence of Biology to be eligible to apply to one of our major options you should at this point be able to articulate your answers to these questions in the space given.

For the Biology Major Option, you chose above (physiology), what most interests you about studying these aspects of Biology? (limit 200 words)

What have been your most significant learning experiences in college so far? This can be inside or outside your classroom experience. (limit 200 words)

How would you like to use your Biology education once you earn your degree? (limit 200 words)

Demonstrate your ability to ethically and accurately track, record and communicate your observations and measurements in your scientific writing.

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Effects of exercise on heart rate
– Conduct your own research and cite all of your sources appropriately using the
Harvard referencing style.
– Demonstrate your ability to ethically and accurately track, record and communicate
your observations and measurements in your scientific writing.
– Write in the third person narrative and all scientific terms used should be defined.
o Someone who has not carried out this practical before should be able to
replicate your method exactly.
Specifications
Your laboratory report must:
– Include a cover sheet
– Give a brief description introducing the scientific topic,
– Be 1500 words +/- 10% including in-text citations but excluding calculations and
references.
– Include the accurate recording of materials, risk assessment, ethical
considerations, methods and observation / results,
– Include a discussion of the results and a conclusion.
– Be appropriately referenced using the Harvard referencing style
Sections to include:
Your laboratory report must be structured in this order, however you may begin writing the
sections in any order.
1. Title of your practical investigation
2. Abstract
Precise summary of the whole report
3. Introduction
Brief overview of key theories related to your practical investigation
Review of literature based on similar practical investigations
Objective of this practical
4. Method
Risk assessment
o What risks do you have to consider when conducting this practical at
home?
o What risks would you have to consider when conducting this practical in a
laboratory?
Ethical considerations
Equipment and other material (including amount required)
Method
o This must be detailed and clear. Another person must be able to follow
your method exactly.
5. Results & Calculations
20/21 Biology Cardiff International Study Centre
6. Discussion
What do the results mean?
Do they answer the questions of the practical investigation?
Where were errors introduced during the at-home investigation?
o What errors could occur if you conducted this practical in a laboratory?
Would you make any changes to how the practical was conducted at home? If
yes, what would they be?
o What changes would you make if you conducted the practical in a
laboratory?
Description of differences between at home and laboratory based practical
investigations
Any potential impact of your results on real world application?
7. Conclusion
Short review summarizing your method, main results and significant findings

What are the key protease (enzymatic protein) of Kiwifruit which play a big role on digestion?

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This a laboratory report, about polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, instructions below.

Refer to this example : How to Present the SDS-PAGE gel with proteins separated via Electrophoresis Techniques.

Key to include in your Result and Discuss are, using the Molecular Marker/Ladder profiles :

– Compare and Contrast of Intact protein profiles between Raw and Dried (processed) form of Lung (sheep).

– Compare and Contrast of kiwifruit digested protein profiles between Raw and Dried (processed) form of Lung (sheep). i.e. What changes are occurring with kiwifruit?

– What are the key protease (enzymatic protein) of Kiwifruit which play a big role on digestion? Literature review? Do you see that protease (s) on the gel result using molecular weight?

– Despite this gel DOES NOT give you accurate reflection on quantification, you can use the profiles in dominant proteins vs minor proteins by looking at intensity of bands vs week bands.

Hence what are the bands, hence, the strong dominant proteins with what are their molecular sizes?? For L/R, can you identify/suggest in your

Generate a historical timeline of the major scientific discoveries leading to our current understanding of the topic.

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Topic: Antigenic Shift and Drift of influenza virus and its genetic implications.
As a reminder, for this project, you are the science reporter for your local newspaper. You have just received an assignment from your editor.

She asks you to write an article on a major topic within the field of microbiology. She stipulates that in this article you must:

1. Generate a historical timeline of the major scientific discoveries leading to our current understanding of the topic.

2. Include a summary of our current understanding of the topic.

3. Project where the next major advance or breakthrough in your topic will come from.

How is the disease dealt with once it is discovered in order to prevent its spread?

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viruses, prions and viroids. Infection by any one of these can have serious consequences to human health and/or economic well being. In the event of an outbreak, it is important to be able to identify and contain these pathogens to avoid potentially deadly outbreaks.

Your assignment is to choose one of the three infectious agents and consider the epidemiological features of your selection. By epidemiological features we mean: Can you characterize the causative organism? Where does the disease come from? Who is affected? How do they acquire the pathogen? What are the symptoms and risk factors? How is the disease dealt with once it is discovered in order to prevent its spread? You can choose one pathogen based on the general scenario described below.

For this assignment you now work for the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agriculture Research Service. You have been assigned to characterize a new epidemic that has spread rapidly at a farm in Montana.

You arrive at the farm observe the livestock, crops and farm workers for signs of illness. You sample the fluids and tissue of several affected organisms and bring them to a state-of-the-art USDA laboratory for analysis. The outbreak is fictional but all the information – from the organism, to how it is acquired, to the symptoms it causes – should be legitimate for the infectious agent.

What is the affected organism (animal/plant/human or any combination)?

What are the symptoms exhibited by the affected organism(s)?

What is the pathogen that you have identified after analysis of the infected material?

How where you able to identify the agent in a laboratory?

Describe the etiology. How did the infection make its way to the farm?

Trace the fictional outbreak from its origins either locally, nationally or internationally.

Knowing how the infectious agent is disseminated, what recommendations do you make to the farm manager for containment and treatment of infected organisms?