Write at least a 2-page essay about how does sociological positivism differ from biological or psychological positivism?” Remember to incorporate a Biblical worldview section.

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How sociological positivism differ from biological or psychological positivism?

Write at least a 2-page essay about how does sociological positivism differ from biological or psychological positivism?” Remember to incorporate a Biblical worldview section.

The paper should be in APA format and have at least three references.

 

Answer the following questions and support your answers with facts from the scenario and legal analysis, utilizing the cases provided or additional cases obtained through your own research.

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Trials, Evidence, and Testimony in the United States

Answer the following questions and support your answers with facts from the scenario and legal analysis, utilizing the cases provided or additional cases obtained through your own research. Be sure to state the case names and citations of all cases you use in support of your arguments in your document.

Consider the following cases:

Two police officers were patrolling in a high-crime neighborhood. They noticed a parked car with two people inside (a driver and a passenger). The officers saw a young woman leaning into the passenger’s window and handing the passenger an object, which they could not identify. At this point, they approached the car and the woman began to walk away. One of the officers noticed the passenger making a shoving down motion, leading the officer to believe that the passenger might be armed. The officer drew his gun and shouted, “Let me see your hands.” After making more shoving down motions, the passenger complied. The officer reached into the car and touched a bulge in the passenger’s pocket. He felt large, hard objects, which he believed to be rocks of crack cocaine. He then removed a plastic bag from the pocket. It contained several rocks of crack cocaine that, together with another rock found in the passenger’s clothing, totaled almost 100 grams. The passenger was arrested, but the driver and the woman standing outside the car were not.

Should the passenger’s motion to suppress the seized evidence be granted? Respond to this question in 2–3 pages, followed by your response to the next question below.

On a routine patrol, an officer noticed a parked car. Two people were inside, and they were in a high-crime area near a bar that was known for gang activity. In the past, the officer had responded to calls from the bar for everything from murder to public intoxication. The officer testified that he stopped to see if the individuals were committing a crime, lived in the area, or had some other concern. When the officer pulled up behind the car and illuminated the car with his spotlight, he observed the passenger fumbling with something on the floorboard. As the officer was checking for identification, he noticed a bullet on top of the console of the car. The officer had the individuals step out of the car to ensure that they did not have any weapons. After frisking them for weapons, the officer looked in the area where he observed the passenger fumbling with something to see if he was hiding a gun. The officer said he was checking this area for his safety and to make sure that nobody would get hurt. The officer observed a 12-pack of beer on the floorboard and checked inside for a gun. When he moved the carton, he found a small baggy underneath it containing a controlled substance.

Should the passenger’s motion to suppress the controlled substance be granted? Respond to this question in 2–3 pages, following your response to the question above.

Identify and explain 4 exceptions to the exclusionary rule established by the U.S. Supreme Court that allow for the search and/or seizure of evidence without a warrant.

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Protocol for Evidence Collection

Assignment Details

Law enforcement officers and crime scene technicians must use caution and protect themselves at all times from contracting AIDS or hepatitis. Bodily fluids must always be treated as though they were infectious. Crime scene technicians most often use dust particle masks or N-95 masks at routine crime scenes. They are considered the most common type of respiratory protection. These masks are considered to be disposable and should be discarded ­after one use.

It is imperative that all personnel involved in entering and processing the crime scene wear personal protective equipment (PPE). This consists of items of clothing that are non-porous, such as crime scene suits, nitrile gloves (double gloving recommended), face masks, and eye protection. These items will protect the CSI from exposure to blood-borne pathogens, most chemical and drug residues, and other contaminants that are health hazards. In addition, hair nets and booties over the shoes will help avoid contamination of the crime scene.

Research the following points, and write a 5–7-page paper fully explaining each point:

Identify and explain 4 exceptions to the exclusionary rule established by the U.S. Supreme Court that allow for the search and/or seizure of evidence without a warrant.
Patent medicines used to be dispensed by pharmacists in powder form using a pharmacist’s or druggist’s fold. Explain this method of packaging and why it has been adopted by Crime Scene Investigators for packaging trace evidence.
How should investigators handle trace evidence that is stuck on an object found at the crime scene? Explain the exception to this procedure.
When a motor vehicle, boat, or aircraft is present, what special considerations should the Crime Scene Investigator take?

 

 

When reflecting on Body Camera Footage 1 and Body Camera Footage 2, consider the amount of police effort used to get each suspect to comply. Explain why the amount of force used by the officers in each incident was either reasonable or excessive. 

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Application Essay: Police Discretion, Use of Force, and De-escalation Assignment Instructions

Overview

The application essay assignments address topics integral to the criminal justice field and future criminal justice professionals from a biblical worldview. As societal change compels criminal justice reform, studying the effects of reform related to justice from a biblical worldview is essential. Rethinking law enforcement procedures, criminal sentencing, and law, overall, are just a few of the topics examined.

 

Instructions

This week you are presented with the body camera footage from two police officers in two unrelated incidents. Watch and listen to the officers in each incident. Be mindful of possible tactical skills and de-escalation skills that were employed or not exercised. Both incidents ended very differently.

Body Camera Footage 1

https://www.citizen-times.com/videos/news/local/2018/03/01/apd-chase-beat-man-they-say-jaywalked/110950514/

Body Camera Footage 2

https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-villaronga-video-20171108-story.html

Before you write your essay, consider the following definitions and research findings:

 Police discretion is the flexibility police officers have in deciding between multiple courses of action to resolve a situation in the course of performing their duties. Research identifies several factors that determine whether law enforcement officers decide to enforce or not enforce laws: (1) the officer’s personal feelings regarding the severity of an offense and the potential risk it poses to the public; (2) the specifics of a situation; and (3) supervisor expectations of how officers will carry out their job functions (Ishoy, 2016). Other studies find that if an offender is a resident in the community where the offense occurs, an officer is 18% less likely to arrest the offender, especially if the offender is under the age of 21 or over the age of 51 (McCamman & Mowen, 2017).

Use of force is the amount of police effort necessary to get a resistant suspect to comply. Below read the case Graham v. Connor (1989). The United States Supreme Court determined that the Fourth Amendment’s objective reasonableness standard should be the measure used in alleged excessive use of force cases.

 GRAHAM v. CONNOR, (1989) [http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/490/386.html]

All claims that law enforcement officials have used excessive force – deadly or not – in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other “seizure” of a free citizen are properly analyzed under the Fourth Amendment’s “objective reasonableness” standard, rather than under a substantive due process standard.

Points of interest from this case:

  1. If use of force is being questioned, it has to be based on a specific constitutional right infringement. You have to judge this claim of constitutional right infringement by the specific constitutional standard which governs that right. What specific constitutional right is being infringed upon?
  2. Claims that law enforcement officials have used excessive force in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other “seizure” of a free citizen are most properly characterized as invoking the protections of the Fourth Amendment, which guarantees citizens the right “to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable seizures,” and must be judged by reference to the Fourth Amendment’s “reasonableness” standard.
  3. The Fourth Amendment must be the guide to judge law enforcement excessive force incidents in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other “seizure” of a free citizen.

 

De-escalation is when officers reduce the intensity of a potentially violent situation. It is the actions of the suspect (their level of cooperation or resistance) that impacts the discretionary powers of the police in deciding how to de-escalate the situation, if possible.

 

Based on the above information, respond to the following questions and instructions:

  1. When reflecting on Body Camera Footage 1 and Body Camera Footage 2, consider the amount of police effort used to get each suspect to comply. Explain why the amount of force used by the officers in each incident was either reasonable or excessive.
  2. Consider how the discretionary powers of the police can be beneficial to citizens from a biblical worldview.
  3. Discuss whether either suspect posed an immediate threat to the safety of the officers, himself, or the public. Consider if each suspect was actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.

 

Your 400-word minimum/500-word essay supports your views on this week’s required readings and study materials, demonstrating course-related knowledge. You must support your work with at least 3 scholarly citations in the APA format. Specifically, 1 citation will refer to the course materials, 1 citation will refer to the Bible, and the third may refer to a scholarly article published within the last five years. (Exclude assignment questions, title page, and reference section from the word count.)

 

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

 

Ishoy, G. A., & Dabney, D. A. (2017). Policing and the Focal Concerns Framework: Exploring How its Core Components Apply to the Discretionary Enforcement Decisions of Police Officers. Deviant Behavior, 1-18. doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1335537

 

McCamman, M. & Mowen, T. (2017). Does residency matter? Local residency as a predictor of arrest, Criminal Justice Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2017.1420651

Rector, K. (2019, July 1). Body camera footage shows Baltimore police officer de-escalate standoff with Armed Man in crisis. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-villaronga-video-20171108-story.html

The Asheville Citizen Times. (n.d.). APD Chase, beat man they say jaywalked. The Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://www.citizen-times.com/videos/news/local/2018/03/01/apd-chase-beat-man-they-say-jaywalked/110950514/

 

Select a controversial issue of your choice. How might people’s differing ethical evaluations be understood or explained? And how might interdisciplinary analysis help us understand and untangle these differences?

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A Controversial issue

Select a controversial issue of your choice (the world is your oyster… anything that people might reasonably… or not? debate). How might people’s differing ethical evaluations be understood or explained? And how might interdisciplinary analysis help us understand and untangle these differences?

According to your book, people tend to make ethical decisions based on one or more of the following:

“They can perform consequential analysis, asking whether the act benefits the world more than it hurts it. (People might, of course, disagree about the likely consequences of an act, but then we can apply interdisciplinary strategies to try to achieve greater consensus about likely effects.)
They can follow certain rules, such as the Golden Rule (treat others as you would like to be treated in their position), or adherence to certain rights.
They can celebrate certain virtues, such as honesty or courage, and act always in accord with these
They can do what their intuition tells them, avoiding acts that make them feel guilty
They can follow tradition, doing what members of their group(s) do in such situations.”

According to your book, the perspective taking of interdisciplinary studies encourages us to:

“Consider previously ignored or submerged perspectives of individuals or groups
Improve decision quality
Increase creativity
Recall information
Simultaneously process information from multiple sources
Develop a broader perspective on a complex and controversial subject
Develop a new solution to a complex problem

Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word report that describes and analyzes the problem in your chosen agency or criminal justice or security organization. State and defend your position.

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Organization report

Assume you’re a human resources manager for a law enforcement agency or a criminal justice, or security organization. You have been asked by the chief administrative officer to prepare a report for your organization analyzing the current morale problem.

Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word report that describes and analyzes the problem in your chosen agency or criminal justice or security organization.

State and defend your position.

Offer solutions by addressing the following questions:

What factors influence employee attitudes, work behavior, and productivity in a criminal justice or security organization? Include examples of a current morale situation in one of the above organizations.
What motivational approaches and strategies might be used by leadership in your organization to counter the situation identified above? Be specific and support your position.
How does the suitability of various motivational approaches relate to personnel and job positions? How might leadership apply such approaches? Provide examples that can be used in your organization.

Research these issues using:

Media accounts
Internet sources
Police department official statements
Other resources you might think are important

What, if anything, did ISIS have to gain by having a reputation of being so violent that it made al Qaeda appear moderate? Do you believe their violence was driven by sincere religious beliefs or by the desire to exploit fear and terror? Explain your answer.

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What, if anything, did ISIS have to gain by having a reputation of being so violent that it made al Qaeda appear moderate? Do you believe their violence was driven by sincere religious beliefs or by the desire to exploit fear and terror? Explain your answer.

 

Compare and contrast juvenile delinquency in ancient times with juvenile delinquency in modern times. Provide examples of delinquency in each period.

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Juvenile Justice

Compare and contrast juvenile delinquency in ancient times with juvenile delinquency in modern times. Provide examples of delinquency in each period.

Textbook: Juvenile Delinquency In A Diverse Society

Kristin A. Bates // Richelle S. Swan, 2020

How did the Tupamaros affect revolution worldwide? If the Tupamaros were so influential, then why did they ultimately fail in their own quest?

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Effect of Tupamaros on revolution worldwide

How did the Tupamaros affect revolution worldwide? If the Tupamaros were so influential, then why did they ultimately fail in their own quest? Provide examples and remember your citations

Define Revolutionary and Counterrevolutionary terrorism. Do they have anything in common? How are they different? What are these types of terrorism are +* groups involved in?

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Terrorism

Define Revolutionary and Counterrevolutionary terrorism. Do they have anything in common? How are they different? What are these types of terrorism are +* groups involved in? Identify several countries which have groups who participate in this type of terrorism. Provide your thoughts on several of the groups who participate in these types of terrorism. Provide examples and cite your work.