Write an essay on the impact of teacher attrition on student achievement in middle school mathematics.
This discussion is an opportunity to share your output and some of your analysis for the assignment due this week. Write an APA-formatted Word document that does the following:
Analyzes the statistical meanings of the SPSS Output for your independent samples t-test and for your paired samples t-test.
Formulates a research question for which the independent samples t-test could provide an appropriate answer, including the following:
-Identifies the independent variable and the dependent variable and infers and identifies the population from which the sample was drawn.
-Includes the null hypothesis, reports the SPSS calculated p-value (the Sig. value) and decides to either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
-Explains why the decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis was made.
You will create an annotated bibliography, a list of sources with descriptive or evaluative text following each full citation.
You will locate and annotate five sources according to the following directions:
The full APA citation for each article.
What institution(s) (company, government, university, etc.) supports this information?
The author’s names and credentials (for example, the degree earned and/or school/agency represented by each author).
The audience for the source.
Are all sources cited in the article clearly listed in a bibliography or reference list?
Are the topics in the article addressed with clearly presented arguments and adequate support? Show one example.
Why should anyone believe information from this source?
Begin with a four- to five-sentence paragraph that identifies and defines the elements of data literacy and how they can help to assess academic sources.
List five academic sources and answer the above questions for each individual source.
literature review in these headings to answer this question: How do the new professional standards policies impact early childhood teachers in Saudi Arabia?
National Professional Standards for Early Childhood Teacher
Teacher Professionalism & Professionalization
Certification and Control
Accountability
Performance Management
Resources: (add if possible)
Lee, T.T.-l., Kwan, P. and Li, B.Y.M. (2020), “Neoliberal challenges in context: a case of Hong Kong”, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 641-652. https://doi-org.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/10.1108/IJEM-06-2019-0220
Diane Mayer & Martin Mills (2021) Professionalism and teacher education in Australia and England, European Journal of Teacher Education, 44:1, 45-61, DOI: 10.1080/02619768.2020.1832987
Lin Goodwin (2021) Teaching standards, globalisation, and conceptions of teacher professionalism, European Journal of Teacher Education, 44:1, 5-19, DOI: 10.1080/02619768.2020.1833855
Yvonne Salton, Stewart Riddle & Margaret Baguley (2022) The ‘good’ teacher in an era of professional standards: policy frameworks and lived realities, Teachers and Teaching, 28:1, 51-63, DOI: 10.1080/13540602.2021.2017274
Ian Hardy (2018) Governing teacher learning: understanding teachers’ compliance with and critique of standardization, Journal of Education Policy, 33:1, 1-22, DOI: 10.1080/02680939.2017.1325517
Fenech M, Sumsion J, Shepherd W. Promoting Early Childhood Teacher Professionalism in the Australian Context: The Place of Resistance. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood. 2010;11(1):89-105. doi:10.2304/ciec.2010.11.1.89
Steps
1) Download the “LectureVFlippedDataForClass” .SAV file from D2L
2) Open up SPSS and open the .SAV file you just downloaded
3) Either from memory or using the PPT slides + Field textbook, complete the steps of hypothesis testing for the data file
a. Research Question: Does the format of delivery (flipped versus traditional) impact student performance on an end of course multiple choice exam?
4) Your assignment submission is a Word document that includes the following:
a. Just the output table that shows the “Independent Samples Test” results
b. Answer the following questions briefly (1-2 sentences max each)
5) Submit the Word document including your answers to (a) and (b: i-v) to Dropbox by the deadline Challenge Task is not required but you are invited to complete it if you’d like to challenge yourself
Challenge Task: Repeat steps in (4) above for the following second research question: Does format of delivery (flipped versus traditional) impact student performance on an end of course document based essay exam?
Chapter Objectives
The reader will be able to:
-Understand the use and examples of two-way ANOVA
-Understand that two-way ANOVA has two main effects and one interaction effect
-Interpret the main effects and interaction effect
Exercise for Chapter 27
Factual Questions
(Assume there are equal numbers of participants in each cell)
Questions 1 through 3 below refer to this information: Two types of basketball instruction were used with random samples of participants who either had previous experience of playing or did not have previous experience. The means indicate the proficiency at playing basketball at the end of treatment.
Type of instruction Row means
New Conventional
Previous experience M = 230.00 M = 200.00 M = 215.00
No previous experience M = 200.00 M = 230.00 M = 215.00
Column means M = 215.00 M = 215.00
1. Does there seem to be a main effect for type of instruction?
2. Does there seem to be a main effect for experience?
3. Does there seem to be an interaction?
Questions 4 through 6 below refer to this information: Random samples of participants with back pain and headache pain were randomly assigned to two types of pain relievers. The means below indicate the average amount of pain relief. A higher mean indicates greater pain relief.
Type of pain Row means
Back pain Headache
Type A pain reliever M = 25.00 M = 20.00 M = 22.50
Type B pain reliever M = 15.00 M = 10.00 M = 12.50
Column means M = 20.00 M = 15.00
4. Does there seem to be a main effect for type of pain (back pain versus headache pain)?
5. Does there seem to be a main effect for type of pain reliever?
6. Does there seem to be an interaction?
Questions 7 through 9 below refer to this ANOVA table:
Source F p
Age level (young, old) 13.25 .029
Region (north, south) 1.69 .321
Interaction (age region) 15.32 .043
7. Is the main effect for age level statistically significant at the .05 level?
8. Can the null hypothesis for the main effect of region be rejected at the .05 level?
9. Is the interaction between age and region statistically significant at the .05 level?
Question for Discussion
10. Briefly describe a hypothetical study in which it would be appropriate to conduct a two- way ANOVA.
Notes
1. Note that income in large populations is usually skewed, making the mean an inappropriate average (see Chapter 12); for these groups, assume that it was not skewed. Also note that the row means and column means were obtained by adding and dividing by 2; this is appropriate only if the number of participants in all cells is equal. If it is not, compute the row and column means using the original raw scores.
2. The basis for this second statement is that if you subtract across the rows, you get the same difference for each row. Earlier, you were instructed to subtract down columns; however, subtracting across the rows works equally well in determining whether there is an interaction.
3. It is also common to include the degrees of freedom, the sums of squares, and mean squares in an ANOVA table. As mentioned in the previous chapter, these are of little interest to the typical consumer of research
Chapter Objectives
The reader will be able to:
-Know that analysis of variance is used to test the difference(s) among two or more means
-Understand how analysis of variance is reported
-Know the concept of one-way ANOVA and its purpose and use of post hoc tests
Exercise for Chapter 26
Factual Questions
1. ANOVA stands for what three words?
2. What is the name of the test that can be conducted with an ANOVA?
3. “An ANOVA can be appropriately used to test only the difference between two means.” Is this statement “true” or “false”?
4. If the difference between a pair of means is tested with ANOVA, will the probability level be different from that where the difference was tested with a t test?
5. Which statistic in an ANOVA table is of greatest interest to the typical consumer of research?
6. Suppose you read this statement: “The difference between the means was not statistically significant at the .05 level (F = 2.293, df = 12, 18).” Should you conclude that the null hypothesis was rejected?
7. Suppose you read this statement: “The difference between the means was statistically significant at the .01 level (F = 3.409, df = 14, 17).” Should you conclude that the null hypothesis was rejected?
8. Suppose you saw this in the footnote to a One-Way ANOVA table: “p < .05.” Are the differences statistically significant?
9. Suppose participants were classified according to their grade level in order to test the differences among the means for the grade levels. Does this call for a “One-Way ANOVA” or a “Two-Way ANOVA”?
10. Suppose that the participants were classified according to their grade levels and their country of birth in order to study differences among means for both grade level and country of birth. Does this call for a “One-Way ANOVA” or a “Two-Way ANOVA”?
Question for Discussion
11. Briefly describe a hypothetical study in which it would be appropriate to conduct a One- Way ANOVA but not appropriate to conduct a t test.
Notes
1. Historically, the t test preceded ANOVA. Because ANOVA will also test the difference between two means, the t test is no longer needed. However, for instructional purposes, the t test is still taught in introductory statistics classes and it is still widely used by researchers when only two means are being compared.
2. It would be inappropriate to run three separate t tests without adjusting the probabilities for interpreting t. Such adjustments are not straight- forward. However, a single F test automatically makes appropriate adjustments to the probabilities.
3. Procedures for determining which individual differences are significant are beyond the scope of this book.
Chapter Objectives
The reader will be able to:
–Know how the results of t tests are reported in various widely used forms such as a table or statement using various phrases and wordings
-Know the distinction between statistically significant and practical significance
Factual Questions
1. Which statistics should be reported before the results of a t test are reported?
2. Suppose you read this statement: “The difference between the means is statistically significant at the .05 level (t = 2.333, df = 11).” Should you conclude that the null hypothesis has been rejected?
3. Suppose you read this statement: “The null hypothesis was rejected (t = 2.810, df = 40, p < .01).” Should you conclude that the difference is statistically significant?
4. Suppose you read this statement: “The null hypothesis was not rejected (t = –.926, df = 24, p > .05).” Describe in words the meaning of the statistical term “p > .05.”
5. For the statement in Question 4, should you conclude that the difference is statistically significant?
6. Suppose you read this statement: “For the difference between the means, t = 2.111 (df = 5, n.s.).” Should you conclude that the null hypothesis has been rejected?
7. Which type of author seldom explicitly mentions the null hypothesis?
A. Authors of dissertations
B. Authors of journal articles
Notes
1. Practical significance is considered again in Chapter 30.
2. The .05 level is the “most liberal” in the sense that it is the level most likely to permit rejection of the null hypothesis. In other words, if a researcher uses the .01 or .001 levels, he or she is less likely to reject the null hypothesis than if the .05 level is used.
Chapter Objectives
The reader will be able to:
-Understand the use of One Sample t Test as a test of the difference between a sample mean and population mean
-Interpret the results through the probability level that the null hypothesis is true
Exercise for Chapter 24
Factual Questions
1. Which of the following statements is true (circle one)?
A. One Sample t Test is used to test the difference between a sample mean and a population mean to determine statistical significance
B. One Sample t Test is used to test the difference between two sample means from one sample.
2. SAT verbal scores are normally distributed with the population mean of 500. A local high school has instituted a new program to engage students in reading. A sample of 90 students from this high school is randomly selected following their participation in this reading program and their SAT verbal score mean of 520 was compared to the national mean. Discuss how this would require a One Sample t Test.
3. For the above example, how would you set up a two-tailed alternative hypothesis and what would you conclude whether the null hypothesis was rejected?
5. Assume that a One Sample t Test showed the following results: [t (49) = 4.21, p < .01].
Answer the following questions.
A. What is the probability that the null hypothesis is true?
B. What is the df of the study?
C. What is the n of the study?
D. What would you conclude?
Question for Discussion
6. Discuss a possible study topic that would require a One Sample t Test.
Chapter Objectives
The reader will be able to:
–Understand the use of Dependent Samples t Test as a test of the difference between two related samples
–Interpret the results through the probability level that the null hypothesis is true
Exercise for Chapter 23
Factual Questions
1. How is the Dependent Samples t Test different from Independent Samples t Test in terms of samples?
2. What are the similarities in the assumptions behind both the Dependent and Independent Samples t Test?
3. What is Dependent Samples t Test with one sample also known as?
4. In a Dependent Samples t Test what is the df for a sample of 100 participants in a particular study?
5. The Dependent Samples t Test would have less sampling error in its design. Discuss the reasons.
6. Given the results below what would you conclude about the mean difference between Group A and Group B?
Group Number Cor. P Mean SD SE of of Pairs Mean
Group A 50 .087 .549 7.64 1.03 .145
Group B 4.82 1.32 .187
Paired difference
Mean SD SE of T Value df P
Difference Mean
2.82 1.60 .226 12.46 49 .000
Question for Discussion
7. Give an example of one continuous data and one categorical data with two categories that would require performing a Dependent Samples t Test.
Note
1. When the normality of data is violated, the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Ranks Test is performed.
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