Create your geological range chart.You can create your range chart using many different tools such as a simple spreadsheet, table, or annotating the picture of the range chart given in the instructions.
Learning Objectives:
Points: 32 points total.
Flood Stage and Flooding
Flooding is a common and a serious problem on and along our nation’s waterways. Flood stage is reached when the water level in a stream overflows its banks. Floodplains are popular sites for development but are best left for playgrounds, golf courses, and the like.
Have you ever heard someone say, “that flood was a 1 in 100-year flood”? What does this mean? Does it mean that a flood will only occur every 100 years, and that we are safe the other 99? The short answer is No; on average, we can expect a flood of this size or greater to occur within any 100-year period. However, we cannot predict whether it will occur in any particular year, only that each year has a 1 in 100 (1%) chance of occurring in any year. The timing between these major flooding events, or any major geologic event (drought, volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, etc.), is referred to as a recurrence interval. This is the average time period within which a given flood event will be equaled or exceeded once.
In order to better understand stream behavior, the USGS has installed thousands of stream gauges throughout the country, locations with a permanent water level indicator and recorder. Data from these stations can be used to make flood frequency curves, which are useful in making flood control decisions.
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Activity 1:
Go to the current stream flow data at the USGS website. https://waterwatch.usgs.gov/?id=ww_current
Activity 2: Recurrence Intervals and the Russian River
Recall that a recurrence interval (or return period) is based on the probability that a given event, in this case a flood of specific magnitude, will be equaled or exceeded in any given year. For example, a “1 in 100-year flood event” means on average, we can expect a flood of this size or greater to occur within any 100-year period. However, we cannot predict it will occur in any particular year, only that each year has a 1 in 100 (1%) chance of occurring in any year.
Data for this activity was collected from the USGS peak streamflow for the Russian River, located in northern California south of Ukiah. The chart below includes the 20 largest discharge events for Russian River at USGS station 11467000 from February 28, 1940 – February 27, 2019.
Step 1: To create a flood frequency graph, we must calculate the recurrence interval. First, however, we need to rank the flood events on the chart below. The bigger the stream flow (cfs, read as cubic feet per second), the higher the discharge. A 1 signifies the highest discharge event and a 20 the lowest discharge event (see table below).
| Date | Stream flow (cfs) | Flood Rank | Recurrence Interval (years) | Probability (%) |
| February 28, 1940 | 88,400 | |||
| February 6, 1942 | 67,800 | |||
| January 22, 1943 | 69,200 | |||
| December 23, 1955 | 90,100 | |||
| February 25, 1958 | 68,700 | |||
| February 1, 1963 | 71,800 | |||
| December 23, 1964 | 93,400 | |||
| January 5, 1966 | 77,000 | |||
| January 21, 1967 | 68,400 | |||
| January 14, 1969 | 68,600 | |||
| January 24, 1970 | 72,900 | |||
| January 17, 1974 | 74,000 | |||
| February 13, 1975 | 67,300 | |||
| December 20, 1981 | 67,200 | |||
| January 27, 1983 | 71,900 | |||
| February 18, 1986 | 102,000 | 1 | 80 | 1.25 |
| January 9, 1995 | 93,900 | |||
| January 1, 1997 | 82,100 | |||
| January 1, 2006 | 86,000 | |||
| February 27, 2019 | 72,000 | |||
| Table 1: 20 largest discharge events for Russian River at USGS station 11467000 from February 28, 1940 – February 27, 2019.
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Step 2: Calculate the recurrence interval for each discharge event using the following equation:
Where,
RI = Recurrence Interval (in years)
n = number of years of record (in this case, 79)
m = rank of flood (see table)
Example: Feb. 18, 1986
RI = (79 + 1) / 1
RI = 80 (Note: It is ok to round to the nearest tenth)
Step 3: Calculate the probability of each discharge event:
Where,
RI = Recurrence Interval (from Step 2)
Example: Feb. 18, 1986
Probability = (1/80) * 100
Probability = 1.2% (Note: round to the nearest tenth)
What does this calculation signify? On average a flood event of this magnitude, discharge of 102,000 cfs (cubic feet per second), occurs every 80 years. This does not preclude the event from happening every year, but the probability of that is small (~1.25%).
Step 4: Now that the table has been completed, plot the discharge against the recurrence interval on the graph below. After plotting each point, use a ruler or other straightedge to draw a best fit line.
What is a best fit line? It is a straight line on a graph that shows the general direction that a group of points appear to be heading, however it does not connect all points on the graph.
Step 5: Answer the following questions based on Table 1 and Figure 2 from above.
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One of the key discoveries that led to the widespread acceptance of sea-floor spreading (and ultimately plate tectonics) was the pattern of “magnetic anomalies” in the oceanic crust.
Shown below is a map of Earth, taken from a publication by Muller et al. (1997) – cited below — in which the pattern of magnetic anomalies is indicated (referred to as “digital isochrons” by the authors).
Examine this map and then answer the questions listed below. It might prove helpful to review the relevant parts of Chapters 2 & 10 in Lutgens, Tarbuck, and Tasa that deal with sea-floor spreading (especially §2.9 & 2.10).
For anyone who might be interested, the citation to the original publication appears at the bottom. You do not have to read that paper to complete the assignment.
(a) What are “magnetic anomalies” and how do they originate?
(b) What is meant by the term isochron?
(c) Based on the distribution of magnetic anomalies, where is the oldest oceanic crust found? The youngest? What are their ages?
(d) Why is the anomaly pattern in the Atlantic so symmetric, whereas in the Pacific region (particularly the northern Pacific), it is highly asymmetric?
(e) Why are color bands in the Pacific wider than those in the Atla
25 points
The purpose of this activity is to help you identify and evaluate the many sources of information about geology. First, think about how you evaluate different sources of information in your daily life, and what differentiates scientific journals from other sources of information. Second, pick a geology topic you are interested in and find a book, 3 websites, a YouTube video, and a scientific journal article about it. Use the table below to guide your investigation. Third, write a summary paragraph comparing the sources and indicating which one is the most reliable.
Sources of Information: (6 points)
Source evaluation (14 points)
Now find the following sources about your topic:
| Source Type | Source name | Is this a good source? | Evidence (How do you know it is good or bad?) |
| Book | |||
| Website 1 | |||
| Website 2 | |||
| Website 3 | |||
| YouTube video | |||
| Scientific journal (written by scientists for scientists) | |||
| Very unreliable source | NO |
Summary: (5 points) Explain in a paragraph (at least 5 sentences) which of the above resources provides the most reliable information. Be sure you include supporting information.
In the last 450,000 years the earth has had at least 4 major ice age cycles .What is the cycle we see and what is the cause of this cyclically of global temperatures and what does this say about a potential future glacial age?
50
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Glacial-interglacial cycles over the past 450,000 years
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400.000
300,000
200.000 Years Ago
100,000
Interglacials
Glacials
Today
Write a brief 300-word essay about The Great Green Wall initiative to be built in Africa from Senegal to Djibouti to combat desertification.
Include the sources in proper citation format.
Include the total word count at the end of your summary.
Include a list of all sources cited at the end of your assignment.
Assignment #2 -30 Points: Economic Development and Sustainability
Give an overview of how your country sustains itself. Make sure to include economic highlights about your country such as tourism, Imports and Exports. The paper should include but not limited to domestic and international recreational and business travel; the percentage of your country’s economy dependent on tourism and your country’s tourism world ranking; highlight the main tourist attractions (i.e. Taste of Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History) and business conventions (Chicago Trade Shows at McCormick Place). As stated on page one “Assignments”, pictures/maps will enhance your assignments and contribute to your grade but are not included in the page count. 4-full page minimum.
What are the causes of hot-springs in Hot Springs National Park and Yellowstone National Park? What is the geologic setting? What is the source of the heat? What kind of rocks are found at each setting and why?
What is the geologic setting of the hot springs in the biblical towns of Colossae/Laodicea (modern day Turkey)? See attached PowerPoint file.
Use the USGS Streamer application (https://txpub.usgs.gov/DSS/streamer/web/) to answer the following questions:
Name the two closest streams near Miami, FL.
What are their lengths, elevation, and outlet water body?
What is its source? For example glacier, lake, or another stream.
What type of land use and land cover does it intersect with?
Is your home in Miami at risk of flooding from any one of the two streams? (answer is yes)
Include the Stream Trace Summary Report for each stream analyzed for this assignment
Access the USGS website for monitoring volcanoes, such as Mt. Kileauea, Mount Hood. Pick any two volcanoes and write a brief 300 words discussion. You discussion should include at least two of the aspects listed below:
Include the total word count at the end of your summary.
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