As the manager, what would you advise Michelle to do? What about the resident? Are there other issues at play? Are there issues of diversity, communication, or power being demonstrated in this scenario? What are your recommendations for addressing this issue?

/in /by

Scenario with title page & references

In your paper this week you will address:
As the manager, what would you advise Michelle to do? What about the resident?
Are there other issues at play? Are there issues of diversity, communication, or power being demonstrated in this scenario?
What are your recommendations for addressing this issue? Substantiate your recommendations using appropriate substantive support and literature.

Should factors such as Medicaid costs and revenue for the organization be considered when discussing scarcity? Is there a way to remove any bias based on the allocation of funding? Is there a way to make these procedures equal? If so, how? What rationale did you use to rank the interventions? Did you use only economic approaches or did you also take into account the moral and ethical issues associated with scarcity?

/in /by

Paper 4

In your paper this week you will address:
Should factors such as Medicaid costs and revenue for the organization be considered when discussing scarcity?
Is there a way to remove any bias based on the allocation of funding? Is there a way to make these procedures equal? If so, how?
What rationale did you use to rank the interventions? Did you use only economic approaches or did you also take into account the moral and ethical issues associated with scarcity?
Do you think it is appropriate for Medicaid patients to have access to services that might be different than those patients who have Medicare or private insurance?

How important is the number of patients wanting the service and the cost of the service? Should the availability of the service be an issue? In reviewing the four morally and ethically relevant principles, what is your top ranking and your bottom ranking?

/in /by

Discussion 4

How important is the number of patients wanting the service and the cost of the service? Should the availability of the service be an issue? In reviewing the four morally and ethically relevant principles, what is your top ranking and your bottom ranking? Justify the rankings. Critique your peers’ responses based on the relevant principles.

What international health laws/ acts/ concepts warrant/ justify COVID-19 regional and international control mechanisms making these apparently restrictive measures fairly legitimate for the sake of protecting global health and overall wellbeing?

/in /by

International Health Laws and regulations

What international health laws/ acts/ concepts warrant/ justify COVID-19 regional and international control mechanisms making these apparently restrictive measures fairly legitimate for the sake of protecting global health and overall wellbeing?

Compare and contrast the ways in which glucose and fat are broken down to produce ATP. Name an activity that emphasizes each substrate and explain why it prefers said substrate.

/in /by

Compare and contrast eassy

Compare and contrast the ways in which glucose and fat are broken down to produce ATP. Name an activity that emphasizes each substrate and explain why it prefers said substrate.

What is the effect of bone regeneration and zinc on the physical properties of calcium phosphate cement and calcium sulfate?

/in /by

EFFECTS OF BONE REGENERATION

What is the effect of bone regeneration and zinc on the physical properties of calcium phosphate cement and calcium sulfate?

 

Why did you choose to apply to the UTHSC PA program? What about this program do you find unique or appealing?

/in /by

Supplemental questions

Mission: The mission of the Physician Assistant program is to prepare a diverse group of highly skilled Physician Assistant practitioners who are dedicated to improving access and providing high quality primary and/or specialty health care as part of interprofessional teams and who are committed to lifelong learning and to increasing the knowledge base of the profession.

The following two questions are simply a way to learn more about you and/or to give you a voice on your application. The first essay question is optional. Thank you very much for your interest in the University of Tennessee’s Physician Assistant Program.

 

  1. We strive to have a holistic application process. If applicable are there any areas of your application that you feel need further explanation such as a poor grade, GPA, GRE, etc. If so use this space to provide your thoughts on why you would be successful in our program. This question is optional. (1500)
  2. Why did you choose to apply to the UTHSC PA program? What about this program do you find unique or appealing? (1500)

 

With the equipment set up as in experiment 1, set the pumping speed to the maximum available. By changing the angle of the probe, determine the range of angles that give observable signals on the scope. Plot the variation of trace height with angle for values in this range. Plot a graph of trace height against the cosine of the angle. Is the result what you would expect from theory?

/in /by

USE OF DOPPLER EQUIPMENT TO MEASURE blood flow

Experiment 1: Investigation of the relation between maximum flow velocity and pumping speed

With the restriction screws set to produce maximum clarity of oscilloscope trace, find the minimum pump speed that gives observable signals on the scope. Measure the height of the
forward flow trace on the oscilloscope. This trace height may be assumed to be proportional to the voltage output from the Dopplex, which is in turn proportional to the flow velocity. Use the oscilloscope trace to determine the pumping speed in cycles per second. Repeat these measurements for a number of pumping speeds between the minimum and maximum to gather enough data to be able to plot a graph of trace height against pumping speed. How are these quantities related? Is this what you would expect?

N.B. If you have to change the sensitivity controls on either the Dopplex or the oscilloscope during these measurements be sure to take this into account.

Experiment 2: Investigation of the relation between measured flow velocity and angle between probe and flow

With the equipment set up as in experiment 1, set the pumping speed to the maximum available. By changing the angle of the probe, determine the range of angles that give observable signals on the scope. Plot the variation of trace height with angle for values in this range. Plot a graph of trace height against the cosine of the angle. Is the result what you would expect from theory?

Experiment 3: Measurement of flow rate

Set the pumping speed as in Experiment 2 and adjust the Dopplex sensitivity control to x8 (3 bars on the LCD). Set the angle to about 45 degrees. You will use a digital oscilloscope to make your measurements. This has the advantage that you can save waveforms to a USB drive for later analysis. Ensure that you are able to save the waveforms in text format and that you are able to read the saved data back into Excel spreadsheet files. You may need one of the USB sticks compatible with the oscilloscope. You must return it at the end of the session! Select Save/recall button on oscilloscope. Accept the file name convention offered by the oscilloscope (it will have a .csv extension) and, if saving multiple data sets, keep a note of the content of each file. Each new file you save will be given a new number. You will find that the file contains typically 10,000 data points, with two columns of data, one representing time and the other the measured voltage, and, to the left, some information on the oscilloscope settings. Ensure that your forward trace is clear and that it shows the complete pulse as the pump acts, without any clipping. Repeat if necessary, adjusting the sensitivity until you get a satisfactory trace. You will need this trace to complete the remainder of this experiment. Without altering the pump speed measure the flow rate (m 3 s –1 ) by collecting the blood mimicking solution in a volume–calibrated beaker for a measured time. Repeat this several times to get good statistics of the measurement. Now examine your saved trace and by using the voltage and time data scales from the oscilloscope estimate the average signal for one pump pulse. By using the Doppler shift relation in Equation 1, taking the velocity of the ultrasound in the solution as 1500 ms –1, and given that the internal diameter of the tube is 6 mm, calculate the sensitivity of the transducer (i.e. how to convert its output voltage to Doppler shift frequency) using your measured flow rate. Once you have obtained the sensitivity, calculate, from the oscilloscope trace, the peak velocity of the fluid.

Experiment 4: Examination of arterial blood flow

SAFETY NOTE. It is essential in this part of the experiment to keep the probe head away from your eyes. Remove the probe from the flow rig and squeeze a good blob of coupling gel over its end. Locate your own or your partner’s carotid artery. This can be done by depressing your neck gently with a thumb or finger on either side of the trachea. Place the probe head over the artery with the probe making an angle of about 45 degrees to the skin. Move the probe around until the Dopplex LCD arrows indicate strong forward and reverse flow signals. Record a sample of the signal using the oscilloscope as before. Note any particular features of this trace and explain them in terms of flow in the artery concerned. Refer
to the Dopplex manual for examples.

N.B. Avoid getting a signal from a vein instead of from the artery – you can tell the difference from the blood flow direction.

The probe you have been using operates at a frequency of 5MHz, but the manufacturers can also supply probes that work at 2, 3, 4, 8, and 10 MHz, the 2 and 3 MHz ones being for obstetric examinations and the higher frequency ones for vascular work. Suggest why this range of frequencies is required, and account for the differences in responses they might produce.

What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organs? How doe they related to “myofascial release.” How do all forms of muscular activity tend to cause an individual muscle fiber to change? Discuss training strategies to increase muscle mass & strength and the evidence to support these. Describe the flexor withdrawal and cross-extensor reflex.

/in /by

The Contribution of Energy Systems in Repeated-Sprint Protocols: The Effect of Distance, Rest, and Repetition

Research Paper Summaries
1. Select a peer-reviewed scientific paper from the last 5 years relating to skeletal muscle or biochemistry & metabolism.
2. Read the paper (see infographic attached) and take the time to comprehend the research and conclusions thoroughly.
3. Write a summary of the research article in 2-3 pages using the following components:

  • 1. State the research question and explain why it is interesting.
  • 2. State the hypotheses tested.

3. Briefly describe the methods (design, participants, materials, procedure, what was manipulated [independent variables], what was measured [dependent variables], how data were analyzed.
4. Describe the results and the the key implications.
5. Summarize and interpret the results as related to the hypothesis.
4. Highlight, or bold, components of the paper summary derived from content you learned in this class.

The KIN department has a strict policy against retroactive extra credit. So, for example, if you have a C in the course there is nothing you can “do to pull up you grade.” Exams and quizzes are curved. A request to “do extra credit to pull up” your grade can result in removal of the curve from your quizzes and exams.
Grading Schema

  • Grade Range %
  • A+ 97%+
  • A 90-96%
  • B+ 87-89%
  • B 80-86%
  • C+ 77-80%
  • C 70-76%
  • D 60-69%
  • F 0-59%

EXAM 1
1. Know the gross structure and levels of organization of skeletal muscle.
2. Be able to describe what a skeletal muscle consists of and the amount of protein that is insoluble versus soluble.
3. Know the anatomy of the sarcomere.
4. Be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages of muscle fiber arrangement (pennation vs. fusiform).
5. What are satellite cells and explain their function during muscle adaptation and regeneration after injury,
6. Know the order of the events of excitation =-contraction coupling; be able to explain it in essay form.
7. Know the steps of the cross bridge cycle and be able to describe the role of ATP, calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, actin and myosin.
8. Describe the reflex associated with the two types of muscle spindles.
9. Define the different afferent neurons associated with the muscle spindles
10. How does the stretch reflex relate to muscle tone and muscle force production regarding muscle length?
11. Understand, in detail, the key differences in the three major muscle fiber types (metabolic and physiological differences).
12. In muscle fiber typing, how is electrophoresis different than immunohistochemistry?
13. How does resistance training increase myofibrillar protein?
14. Be able to describe, in essay form, the process of myofibrillar hypertrophy and the role of AKT/mTOR.
15. Be able to describe, in essay form, the process of sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and the role of AMPK and the influence on PG1C-alpha, FOX-0 and NFAT.
16. Describe the role of the Renshaw cell, and differentiate between EPSPs and IPSPs.
17. Know the AMPK influence on GLUT-4, fatty acid uptake, metabolism, and angiogenesis.
18. What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organs? How doe they related to “myofascial release.”
19. How do all forms of muscular activity tend to cause an individual muscle fiber to change?
20. Discuss training strategies to increase muscle mass & strength and the evidence to support these.
21. Describe the flexor withdrawal and cross-extensor reflex.
22. Know the difference between qualitative versus quantitative changes in fiber type.
23. Sprint-type training causes a fast-slow muscle fiber type shift; sprint-type training causes a slow-fast muscle fiber type shift. How are both of these statements correct?
24. Predict the immunohistochemical differences in muscle fiber type among a couch potato, sprinter, SCI patient, and marathon runner.
25. Explain molecular mechanisms that regulate the identity of satellite cells and their differentiation into muscle fibers.
26. How does increased training usually influence fiber phenotype? What about detraining, disuse, or denervation?

EXAM 2:
27. What is energy?
28. What are the first two laws of thermodynamics?
29. Be able to differentiate between exergonic and endergonic reactions and give two, common, cellular examples of both.
30. Define oxidation and reduction.
31. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
32. What is the Q10 relationship related to enzyme activity and temperature?
33. What enzyme acts as an intracellular energy sensor?
34. Why is the ATP/AMP ratio the major adenine nucleotide relationship that indicates cellular metabolism?
35. Why is maximal power sustained, typically, for less than 20 seconds?
36. Be able to show the coupled reaction performed by creatine kinase.
37. Be able to write out the TCA cycle (enzymes, substrates, and products) and the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation).
38. How many grams of glucose and glycogen exist in the typical person?
39. Be able to describe how insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs.
40. How does glucose uptake occur in skeletal muscle during exercise when insulin release is attenuated?
41. Know the basic steps of glycogen synthesis.
42. How are liver and muscle glycogen different?
43. Be able to write out glycolysis.
44. How many net ATPs are generated by glucose and glycogen during fast and slow glycolysis?
45. How many ATPs can be made from lactate?
46. Where is lactate metabolized?
47. What is the difference, as described in class, between lactate threshold and anaerobic threshold? At what intensities do they usually occur in trained individuals?
48. Why is lactate formed and why, if lactate wasn’t produced, would fatigue occur sooner?
49. What three substrates can be used for gluconeogenesis and where does it occur?
50. What are the enzymes that are different in gluconeogenesis from glycolysis?
51. Be able to describe, both, the glucose-alanine cycle and the Cori Cycle.
52. What is lipolysis and be able to describe the activation of hormone sensitive lipase by epinephrine?
53. How does fat get oxidized, from the adipocyte to the muscle?
54. Be able to describe how many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of fatty acids and explain beta oxidation.
55. How is glucose turned to fat and what type of fat is made each time?
56. Where does fatty acid synthesis occur (mainly)?

Why did this material stand out for you? Did you agree or disagree with it? What other thoughts and connections did you make? Did it connect with your experiences outside the class? Did it connect with material you have learnt in other classes?

/in /by

Part one : Reflection

An analysis of the material. Here you are looking to identify any assumptions, limits in the material OR/AND the parts of the material that are compelling and evidence based

A reflective component. This involves an explanation of its personal impact: Why did this material stand out for you? Did you agree or disagree with it? What other thoughts and connections did you make? Did it connect with your experiences outside the class? Did it connect with material you have learnt in other classes?

This first part of the assignment must be between 350-400 words. At the end of the reflection post, you must include the word count in parentheses.

Part Two: Response

Choose one of your classmates post to respond to. This must include two components:

One way in which you share a perspective or agree with their post and why.

One way in which you differ or disagree and why.

The second part of the assignment must be between 200-300 words. At the end of the response you must include the word count in parentheses.