Explain Edmund Gettier’s argument from his article, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Present an argument either in defense or against Edmund Gettier’s objections to the justified-true-belief notion of knowledge.

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Descartes argument

1) Explain Edmund Gettier’s argument from his article, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Present an argument either in defense or against Edmund Gettier’s objections to the justified-true-belief notion of knowledge.

2) Explain Peter Unger’s argument from his piece, An Argument for Skepticism. Do you think Peter Unger is correct to claim that certainty is required for knowledge? If so, then offer an argument in defense of his position. If not, then offer an argument in objection to his position.

3) Does Descartes argument about his own existence give us reason to reject Unger’s claim that certainty requires one to be dogmatic, and thus it is unreasonable to claim certainty? If so, then offer an argument in defense of this position. If not, then offer an argument in objection to this position.

1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3326922?seq=3#metadata_info_tab_contents link for Edmund Gettier’s argument from his article, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
2. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/233574028.pdf link for Peter Unger’s argument from his piece, An Argument for Skepticism
3. https://learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet02-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com/5dea81e905b4f/608861?X-Blackboard-Expiration=1664582400000&X-Blackboard-Signature=BzBpP1KPrdkjplwcYSjBO%2FsRtyLy7Gx41INwmf6Ph1U%3D&X-Blackboard-Client-Id=130171&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%2720191_PHI1010_Descartes%2520-%2520Meditations%2520on%2520First%2520Philosophy.pdf&response-content-

What would have been your choice in the Hobbes dilemma ‘game’, and why was that the’ smart’ choice, in terms of your self-interest?

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Hobbes dilemma ‘game

What would have been your choice in the Hobbes dilemma ‘game’, and why was that the’ smart’ choice, in terms of your self-interest?

 

What does Hume mean by this? What role does this play in the problem of induction? Try to reconstruct Hume’s argument as clearly as possible and, in doing so, explain why this problem is relevant for science. Finally, what is the best response to this problem, in your view, and why?

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Step 1: Choose ONE topic from the options below (on page two of these guidelines). These topics and their corresponding questions are meant to be broad enough for you to formulate your own viewpoint through a critical analysis of the relevant text.

Step 2: Examine your chosen selection closely. Answer the posed questions in an essay format (500-750 words). In your paper, you should explain the author’s claim and argument, the significance of the subject for course themes, as well as formulate your own viewpoint

Essay Topics:

Topic A: In Book 1, Part iii, section 6 of his Treatise on Human Nature, David Hume writes, “If reason determined us, it would proceed upon that principle, that instances, of which we have had no experience, must resemble those, of which we have had experience, and that the course of nature continues always uniformly the same.”

What does Hume mean by this? What role does this play in the problem of induction? Try to reconstruct Hume’s argument as clearly as possible and, in doing so, explain why this problem is relevant for science. Finally, what is the best response to this problem, in your view, and why?

Topic B: In Chapter 3 of his book, Theory and Reality, Peter Godfrey-Smith writes, “Some readers might think that if we observe a large number of black ravens and no nonblack ones, then at least we are cutting down the number of ways in which the hypothesis that all ravens are black might be wrong. As we see each raven, there is one less raven that might fail to fit the theory. So, in some sense, the chance that the hypothesis is true should be slowly increasing. But this does not help much.”

What does Godfrey-Smith mean by this? What is the so-called Ravens paradox? Try to reconstruct the problem as clearly as possible and, in doing so, explain why it presents a problem for scientific inquiry. Finally, what is the best response to this problem, in your view, and why?

Topic C: On page 101 of his chapter, “How was it known?”, Steven Shapin writes, “The artificial effects of the air pump counted as matters of fact about nature. Experimental facts testified to a unitary order of nature that was causally responsible for those facts. The facts of the air pump were visible or tangible, whereas the causes they testified to were not accessible to the senses. How then was it proper to move from the one to the other?”

What does Shapin mean by ‘matters of fact’ here? How can one reason by moving from observable effects to their causes? Drawing on the assigned reading by David Hume (Book 1, part iii, section 6 of A Treatise of Human Nature), explain why this problem is relevant for science. Finally, what is the best response to this problem, in your view, and why?

 

Describe how the ADA is important to your career field; if you cannot think of direct examples, think about the issues that may face your patients, clients, co-workers, or vendors.

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Ethics – The ADA

You will respond to the following questions in an APA 7-formatted essay. State your position in a thesis and develop your ideas through well-constructed paragraphs. If you are unfamiliar with essay construction, please review the following:

After you have read Chapter 8, answer the following questions:

Use what you learned in Chapter 8 to explain what the ADA is and why it is important

Describe how the ADA is important to your career field; if you cannot think of direct examples, think about the issues that may face your patients, clients, co-workers, or vendors.

Using the LIRN or Google, find an article that explains some of the lingering issues around ADA that still need to be resolved. What is the issue and how would you resolve it?

 

Is the shipowner morally at fault? If so, what exactly did he do wrong? What was the root cause of the failing? What, if anything, should he have done differently?

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Imagine an owner of a passenger ship is about to send out an emigrant ship, carrying several families across the sea to a new home. He understands that the ship is not very well built and knows it has suffered a lot of wear and tear. A shipwright he employs brings some expensive structural issues to his attention. It’s questionable whether the ship is seaworthy. These doubts make the owner unhappy, so he suppresses them. He convinces himself that the ship is fine and ready to go. He puts out of his mind any ungenerous suspicions about the integrity of shipwrights and contractors. He tells himself that the ship has already made many successful voyages before and that the Lord will see these families safely to their new home. When it sinks, hundreds of passengers drown. He collects the insurance money and suffers no remorse.

In class you we discussed the following questions and tried to reach a consensus.

  1. Is the shipowner morally at fault?
  2. If so, what exactly did he do wrong? What was the root cause of the failing?
  3. What, if anything, should he have done differently?

 

If you were an empiricist, then how would you go about explaining space and time? Provide an account of space and time itself.

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3rd Short Paper Assignment  

Space and time are ontologically peculiar entities.  On the one hand, they seem to be at the forefront of our experience.  On the other hand, they seem to be merely relations between objects.  Thus, the ontological status of space and time is a controversial issue that philosophers have been grappling with for centuries.

Empiricists claim that all of our knowledge begins with experience.  They emphasize the limited role of reason in our everyday lives.  Thus, feelings and instincts take over and philosophical doubts seem prevalent.

If you were an empiricist, then how would you go about explaining space and time? I would like you to adopt this position of empiricism and provide an account of space and time itself.  refrain from using any outside material here.  I would like original thoughts about this issue.  Although this topic has been discussed in many of the (hard) sciences, I would like you to provide a philosophical position.

 Tips and Basic Points:

-Do not write in the third person, use “I” for all philosophy papers.

-Keep your points clear.  Short sentences are better than long convoluted ones.

-Do not retell the story; I am not interested in a synopsis.

-Refrain from using quotes, unless it’s important.

-Explain yourself using your words, don’t copy and paste or plagiarize another’s work.

-Only use “feel” for the sensation of touch, do say you feel a certain way unless it is sensations.

-“I believe, I think, and I feel” are all superfluous.  I know you believe it because you are claiming it.

-Don’t use questions in the paper, just make a claim and defend it.

-Proofread your paper before submission and apply formal grammar and punctuation.

Papers are to be typed, 1 page in length, double-spaced with 1” margins, and 12-point font.  I would like a blind review of the papers, so put your name on the last page.  After the concluding paragraph, please put your first and last name. No headers, title pages, and/or titles on the submission of your short paper.

 

What would have been your choice in the Hobbes dilemma ‘game’, and why was that the’ smart’ choice, in terms of your self-interest?

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Hobbes dilemma ‘game

What would have been your choice in the Hobbes dilemma ‘game’, and why was that the’ smart’ choice, in terms of your self-interest?

You must first confirm if you would have played or not played.

Write a paper proposal on a response to external world scepticism. Using quotes to support the reading, develop an objection to the proposal, and describe how the author might try to defend themselves as well as whether or not it would succeed

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Response to external world scepticism

Write a paper proposal on a response to external world scepticism.

Using quotes to support the reading, develop an objection to the proposal, and describe how the author might try to defend themselves as well as whether or not it would succeed

Reading: TK 9 Justification Trilemma

 

Choose a topic/concept and elaborate on it. Find something that is interesting and talk about what you learned, your thoughts, and how it connects to other topics in the reading/the real world.

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Based on pages 1-205. Choose a topic/concept and elaborate on it. Find something that is interesting and talk about what you learned, your thoughts, and how it connects to other topics in the reading/the real world.

What is the process of abstraction according to Whitehead? How do we find this process carried out by the Pythagoreans? In this process of abstraction what is the relationship between abstract universal principles and concrete particulars?

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Alfred N. Whitehead

Answer the following prompt in a paragraph of 3-5 sentences:

Alfred North Whitehead describes a process of abstraction that takes place in early Greek formulations of mathematics and metaphysics.

1. What is the process of abstraction according to Whitehead?
2. How do we find this process carried out by the Pythagoreans?
3. In this process of abstraction what is the relationship between abstract universal principles and concrete particulars?