Why is ‘secularisation theory’ a contested idea? What is the value of secularisation theory today?

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Church and Society Reading Lists for Essays 2018-19
MIN020X304A
The assessment for this module is as follows:
• 1000-word observation exercise (Summative: 25%). Conduct an observation exercise to identify the beliefs embedded in your congregation’s corporate practice of public worship. Alternatively, you can identify the convictions or persistent beliefs embedded in the corporate practice of worship of a congregation other than the one you normally attend. Base the paper on your observation of one service of public worship that you attend. Submit your observation exercise electronically via Moodle no later than 2.00 p.m. on Friday 21st February 2020. • Ammerman, N., Carroll, J., Dudley, C. & McKinney, W. (1998) Studying Congregations: A New Handbook. Nashville: Abingdon Press. • Cameron, H., Richter, P., Davies, D. & Ward, F. (2005) Studying Local Churches: A Handbook. London: SCM Press. • Cartledge, M. (2010) Testimony in the Spirit: Rescripting Ordinary Pentecostal Theology. Farnham: Ashgate. • Cartledge, M. (2012) Practical Theology: Charismatic and Empirical Perspectives. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. • Ellis, C. (2004) Gathering: A Theology and Spirituality of Worship in the Free Church Tradition. London: SCM Press. • Ellis, C. (2009), Approaching God: A Guide for Worship Leaders and Worshippers. Norwich: Canterbury Press. • Gateshill, P. & Thompson, J. (2000) Visiting Places of Worship. London: Hodder & Stoughton. • Parry, R. (2012) Worshipping Trinity: Coming Back to the Heart of Worship. (2nd edn.) Eugene, OR: Cascade Books. • Steven, J. (2002) Worship in the Spirit: Charismatic Worship in the Church of England. Milton Keynes/Colorado Springs: Paternoster. • Stringer, M. (1999) On the Perception of Worship: The Ethnography of Worship in Four Congregations in Manchester. Birmingham: Birmingham University Press. • Stringer, M. (2005), A Sociological History of Christian Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Ward, P. (2005) Selling Worship: How What We Sing Has Changed the Church. Carlisle: Paternoster. • Webber, R. (1994) Worship: Old and New. (rev. edn.) Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
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• 3000-word essay (Summative: 75%). Submit your essay electronically via Turnitin no later than 2.00 p.m. on Friday 17th April 2020. Choose One of the Following:
1. Community Profile: Conduct an audit of the neighbourhood where your congregation meets to identify its main features and the challenges and opportunities it presents to Christian mission. In the light of your findings, what approach to mission in the local community do you think best suits your congregation in the next five years? • Ammerman, N. (1997) Congregations and Community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. • Ammerman, N., Carroll, J., Dudley, C. & McKinney, W. (1998) Studying Congregations: A New Handbook. Nashville: Abingdon Press. • Ammerman, N. (2005) Pillars of Faith: American Congregations and their Partners. Berkley and London: University of California Press. • Cameron, H., Richter, P., Davies, D. & Ward, F. (2005) Studying Local Churches: A Handbook. London: SCM Press. • Guest, M., Tusting, K. & Woodhead, L. (2004) Congregational Studies in the UK: Christianity in a Post-Christian Context. Farnham: Ashgate. • Farnsley II, A. (2000) ‘Congregations, Local Knowledge, and Devolution’ Review of Religious Research 42 (1), 96-110. • Miller, D. (2007) Global Pentecostalism: The New Face of Social Engagement. Berkley/London: University of California Press.
2. Why is ‘secularisation theory’ a contested idea? What is the value of secularisation theory today? • Beckford, J. (2003) Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Berger, P. (1998) ’Protestantism and the Quest for Certainty’ The Christian Century 115 (23), 782-796. (See Moodle) • Berger, P. (2014) The Many Altars of Modernity. New York: De Gruyter. • Berger, P., Davie, G. & Fokas, E. (2008) Religious America, Secular Europe? A Theme and Variations, Farnham: Ashgate. • Brown, C. (2009) The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation 1800-2000. London: Routledge. • Bruce, S. (2002) God is Dead: Secularization in the West. Oxford: Blackwell. • Davie, G, (2015) Religion in Modern Britain: A Persistent Paradox. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. • Ward, K. (2013) Losing Our Religion? Changing Patterns of Believing and Belonging in Secular Western Societies. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. • Warner, R. (2010) Secularization and its Discontents. London: Continuum.
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3. Identify and discuss the human dynamics that make leading a multiethnic congregation in the United Kingdom such a challenging task. • Adedibu, B. (2013) ‘Faith without Borders: Maximising the Missionary Potential of Britain’s Black Majority Churches’ Journal of Missional Practice (2). Available at: https://journalofmissionalpractice.com/author/babatundeadedibu/#. • Beckford, R. (2014), Documentary as Exorcism: Resisting the Bewitchment of Colonial Christianity. London: Bloomsbury. • DiAngelo, R. (2012) What Does it Mean to be White? Developing White Racial Literacy. New York: Peter Lang. • Eddo-Lodge, R. Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People about Race. London: Bloomsbury Circus. • Marti, G. (2005) A Mosaic of Believers: Diversity and Innovation in a Multi-Ethnic Church. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. • Patten, M. (2016) Leading a Multicultural Church. London: SPCK. • Reddie, A. (2009) Is God Colour Blind? Insights from Black Theology for Christian Ministry. London: SPCK. • Shannahan, C. (2010) Voices from the Borderland: Re-Imagining Cross-Cultural Urban Theology in the Twenty-First Century. London: Equinox.
4. Is America more religious and Europe more secular? Discuss. • Beckford, J. (2003) Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Berger, P. (1998) ’Protestantism and the Quest for Certainty’ The Christian Century 115 (23), 782-796. (See Moodle) • Berger, P. (2014) The Many Altars of Modernity. New York: De Gruyter. • Berger, P., Davie, G. & Fokas, E. (2008) Religious America, Secular Europe? A Theme and Variations. Farnham: Ashgate. • Casanova, J. (1994) Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press. • Davie, G. (2000) Religion in Modern Europe: A Memory Mutates. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Davie, G. (2002) Europe: The Exceptional Case: Parameters of Faith in the Modern World. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. • Davie, G. (2015) Religion in Modern Britain: A Persistent Paradox. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
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5. What has sociology to do with theology? Are these academic disciplines inimical to each other or can they enter into creative dialogue in the service of mission? • Beckford, J. (2003) Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Berger, P. (1969)The Social Reality of Religion. London: Faber and Faber. • Berger, P. (1970) A Rumour of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural. (rev. edn.) Garden City: Anchor Books. • Gill, R. (1994) A Vision for Growth: Why Your Church Doesn’t have to be a Pelican in the Wilderness. London: SPCK. • Gill, R. (1996) Theology and Sociology: A Reader. (new. ed.) London: Cassell. • Gill, R. (2003) The Myth of the Empty Church Revisited. Farnham: Ashgate. • Gill, R. (2012)Theology in a Social Context: Sociological Theology (vol. 1) Farnham: Ashgate. • MacLaren, D. (2012) Mission Implausible: Restoring Credibility to the Church. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. • Willis, E. (1995) The Sociological Quest: An Introduction to the Study of Social Life. (2nd edn.) St Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin.
6. What challenges and opportunities do whiteness, race, and ethnicity pose to Christian mission in 21st century United Kingdom? • Adedibu, B. (2012) Coat of Many Colours: The Origin, Growth, Distinctiveness and Contributions of Black Majority Churches to British Christianity. Blackpool: Wisdom Summit. • Berger-Schmitt, R. (2000) Social Cohesion as an Aspect of the Quality of Societies: Concept and Measurement (EU Reporting Paper No. 14). Mannheim: Centre for Survey Research and Methodology. • Leech, K. (1988) Struggle in Babylon: Racism in the Cities and Churches of Britain. London: Sheldon Press. • Parekh, B. (2000) The Future of Multi-ethnic Britain: Report of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain. London: Profile Books. • Reddie, A. (2009) Is God Colour Blind? Insights from Black Theology for Christian Ministry. London: SPCK. • Shannahan, C. (2010) Voices from the Borderland: Re-Imagining Cross-Cultural Urban Theology in the Twenty-First Century. London: Equinox. • Sturge, M. (2005) See What the Lord has Done! An Exploration of Black Christian Faith in Britain. Milton Keynes: Scripture Union.
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7. Are the beliefs and practices of Christians in their daily lives worthy of the attention of Academic Theology and Christian ministers? Discuss. • Ammerman, N. (2007) Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Ammerman, N. (2013) Sacred Stories, Spiritual Lives: Finding Religion in Everyday Life. New York: Oxford University Press. • Astley, J. (2002) Ordinary Theology: Looking, Listening and Learning in Theology. Aldershot: Ashgate. • Christie, A. (2012) Ordinary Christology: Who Do You Say I Am? Answers from the Pews. Farnham: Ashgate. • Heelas, P. & Woodhead, L. (2005) The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Oxford: Blackwell. • Hopewell, J. (1987) Congregation: Stories and Structures. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. • Hummel, L., Moschella, M. & Frances, J. (eds.) (2010) Pastoral Bearings: Lived Religion and Pastoral Theology. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. • McGuire, M. (2008) Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.

What is the purpose of this short paper? What is the title of the “primary source text of ethical teaching” that will be summarized? Who is the author?

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1. Introduction: What is the purpose of this short paper? What is the title of the “primary source text of ethical teaching” that will be summarized? Who is the author? (Make sure it’s not an encyclopedia!)

2. Second paragraph: begin to develop the main task. Present the first required quotation (of your choosing) and discuss in your own words what you take the teaching to mean ethically. (Make sure you don’t refer to a dilemma!). Please be sure to introduce your quote, present the quote, and discuss the meaning of the quote. The direct quote should be embedded in a presentation that leads the reader toward the quote and helps the reader understand why it has been selected as a worthwhile ethical teaching. For all body paragraphs, a wholesome paragraph will be five sentences, and the quote will fall in the second or third sentence, not the first or last.

3. Third paragraph: continue to develop the main task. Present the second quote, etc. (Remember, every quote requires an in-text citation in parentheses, with location information when available, such as bk., ch., par., ver., p.)

4. Fourth paragraph: complete the main task. Present the third quote, etc.

5. Fifth paragraph: conclusion. Summarize your overall findings. Considered all together, what does the text teach us about ways to guide human purposes and actions? Your conclusion should be specific in reference to the actual teachings and key terms presented in the materials covered, with at least one teaching per paragraph briefly paraphrased. Beware of using vague or general terms instead of precise, actual terms used in the primary source text. Please remember, the purpose of the exercise is to listen carefully and fairly represent the teachings of a primary source text.

Is it possible to reconcile faith with evolutionary biology? And if so, how? If not, why not?

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PHIL 3605 Science & Religion

Required Text:  Book Title:

  • Alister McGrath, Science & Religion: A New Introduction. (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).
  • Heidi Campbell & Heather Looy, eds., A Primer on Science and Religion. (Baker Academic, 2009).

Detailed Instructions: For Assignment from the instructor

This week, we will discuss the key people, issues, and controversies in the evolution and religion relationship. What have been the various perspectives people of faith have taken on the relationship between their faith and Darwinian evolution? Does God operate merely by secondary causes or is there special intervention at key places in the process? Is there special agency at the genomic level or does God act by a persuasive process? Or is it possible that God “guides” the process by some other means? We will read the relevant chapters from McGrath and Looy/Campbell. Make certain to incorporate materials from this week’s readings.

After Read Chapters 5, 7, 21 in McGrath and the entries on “Darwin,” “Evolutionary Biology,” and “Evolutionary Psychology” in Looy & Campbell. I will be uploading with my instructions.

Answer the following questions below.  One Page**

  1. Is it possible to reconcile faith with evolutionary biology? And if so, how? If not, why not?
  1. What are the stronger models of relating the two and what are the weaker models? And why?
  2. How important is it to consider the relationship?

Make sure you give examples.

Make sure you put the question with your response.

Discuss the meaning and importance of the results, showing how they relate to the research question. show how people have evolved through time using all the theories review and has this changed the cultural narrative in France today?

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How were the people of the French colonies maltreated for entertainment purposes from the 19th to 20th century, and how has this memory continued to influence the cultural narrative of France today?

 

Background to Research Question

This project presents an investigation into the dark side of human nature illustrated by examples from French history.  The research looks at the differences that exist in regard to human categorization through racial groups and specifically at how the French exploited people that were thought to be exotic and used them as entertainment. I plan to use case studies that highlight historical moments from the 19h to 20th century proving this derogatory treatment of native colonials.  I will then make inferences from this research to how it has shaped the cultural narrative specifically in the entertainment in France today using relevant theories.

Introduction (800 words)

  • Intro to the essay question
  • Brief history of French colonialism and Civilizing mission (Edward b Taylor 1871)
  • Explain freak shows/ human entertainment (how the French bought back to France black people for entertainment purposes because they could not civilise them)
  • What is meant by cultural narrative?
  • Why is it relevant to remember these historical events today? There is clearly a discrimination issue in France. In a climate of increasing polarization and increasing use of ‘otherness’ it is perhaps time to remember where this came from.

Literature Review (2000 words)

  • Give a historical overview of cases where France used black people for entertainment. Such as the Colonial expositions in Paris/ human Zoos- Jardin d’Acclimatation
  • How France crafted and imposed an identity of “otherness” “beauty” and “superiority” (Edward Said)
  • Explain and relate “The invention of the savage” and “exoticism” relating it to France
  • Introduce the value system that seem to be in play at certain point of history–

          Introduce Schwartz value types (the values people had at the time and how people values have now changed (Power and distance)) to analyse contemporary attitudes.

Also include stereotypes theory

Edward Taylor 1871 (savagery, through barbarism to civilization.)

Methodology (2200 words) 2 arguments.

Argument against:

  • it does not influence French cultural narrative (1 or 2 facts, articles, essays, apologies.

Argument for:

  • It does continue to shape the cultural narrative of France today?

Discussion (1000 words)

  • Discuss the meaning and importance of the results, showing how they relate to the research question. show how people have evolved through time using all the theories review and has this changed the cultural narrative in France today?
  • Conclusion (600 words)
  • Reach a conclusion that shows the precise conditions that lead to the maltreatment of human zoos and how that has affected their treatment in the entertainment industry.

Theories to Use:

  • Edward Said ORIENTALISM
  • Edward Said OTHERING
  • Schwartz value types
  • Exoticism
  • Also include stereotypes
  • bias theories
  • Edward b Taylor 1871 ( Taylor maintained that all societies passed through three basic stages of development: from savagery, through barbarism to civilization)

Case studies to use:

  • Montaigne’s essay “Des Cannibales”
  • ‘the invention of the savage’
  • Musée d’Orsay exhibited Hottentot Venus
  • “exhibit B” Play on human zoos

Bibliography

Abbattista, G., 2014. Humans on Display: Reflecting on National Identity and the Enduring Practice of Living Human Exhibitions. Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste.

Abbattista, G., 2015. Beyond the human zoos: exoticism, ethnic exhibitions and the power of the gaze.. [Online]
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/14548475/Beyond_the_Human_Zoos_._Exoticism_Ethnic_Exhibitions_and_the_Power_of_the_Gaze_in_Ricerche_storiche_XLV_1-2_gennaio-agosto_2015_pp._207-218

De Montaigne, M., Fassin , D. & de Pernon, G., 2013. Des cannibales. Paris: Universitaires de France.

Dervin, F., 2016. Discourses of Othering. In: Interculturality in Education. 1-9 ed. London : Palgrave Pivot.

Forsdick, C., 2003. Revisiting exoticism : from colonialism to postcolonialism. London: Arnold.

Holmes , R., 2016. The Hottentot Venus: The life and death of Saartjie Baartman: born 1789- buried 2002.. London : Bloomsbury Publishing.

Imbruglia, G., 2014. The Invention of Savage Society: Amerindian Religion and Society in Acosta’s Anthropological Theology. s.l.:s.n.

Pascal, B., Thuram, L. & Snoep, N. J., 2011. Exhibitions: l’invention du sauvage. Paris: Coédition Musée du quai Branly.

Sánchez-Gómez, L. A., 2013. Human Zoos or Ethnic Shows? Essence and contingency in Living Ethnological Exhibitons. Madrid : Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutens.

Said , E. W., 1979.. Orientalism. United States: Pantheon Books.

I need to find what I consider to be expressing’s of a racist narrative, especially to the cultural narrative that subordinate people of colour. In terms of the entertainment industry, I could argue that they still get the kind of roles where they are laughed at or get the roles that are subject and not the agent, they’re not directors or casting directors. Very much in front of the camera not behind it, they lack power and they’re still being mocked.

Focus more on how black people are still maltreated in the entertainment industry.

What conditions lead to advent of human zoos?

  • This idea of civilising cultures
  • The idea of othering by Said
  • France has this idea of Égalité, Liberaté et Egalite, which is a huge pervasive attitude within French culture. It’s very contradictory and the reason for that was because at this point of time black people were considered inhuman. As animals. And there was also science that back it up, where they said Black people’s skulls resembled more one of a monkey than a human. This might be interesting to mention in “what conditions lead to human zoos’” as Black people were basically diagnosed as animals
  • There was a value system at play by Schwartz.

This are the conditions that lead to this happening today.

Possible other Tittles.

In what ways did the freak shows and human zoos of the 19th and 20th century impose French colonial rule.

What conditions lead to the advent of human zoos in the 19th and 20th century and does their memory continue to shape the cultural narrative of France today?

In the lite review explain how they did it. By othering people, they did it in this way by exoticizing people, and contrast it to how it’s still being done today. And what are the effects to the current modern day?

What conditions lead to advent of human zoos?

  • This idea of civilising cultures
  • The idea of othering by Said
  • France has this idea of Égalité, Liberaté et Egalite, which is a huge pervasive attitude within French culture. It’s very contradictory and the reason for that was because at this point of time black people were considered inhuman. As animals. And there was also science that back it up, where they said Black people’s skulls resembled more one of a monkey than a human. This might be interesting to mention in “what conditions lead to human zoos’” as Black people were basically diagnosed as animals
  • There was a value system at play by Schwartz

make reference to these two study cases when arguing that it DOES CONTINUE TO SHAPE THE CULTURAL NARRATIVE:

  • Montaigne’s essay “Des Cannibales” – (Otherness)
  • Human zoos- discuss making reference to the ‘the invention of the savage’ and ‘orientalism’

while it could be argued that because a prolonged system of oppression, of which the human Zoo is an example, the lived realities of Africans in France today continues to be symptomatic of oppression, however, this essay will just focus in the entertainment industry and  as how give a conclusion of how the people of the French colonies were maltreated for entertainment purposes from the 19th to 20th century, and how has this memory continued to influence the cultural narrative of France today.

In a minimum of a 500 word essay, how would you respond to either the rather radical first statement or the more moderate recommendation that follows it?

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PROMPT:

1. In a minimum of a 500 word essay, how would you respond to either the rather radical first statement or the more moderate recommendation that follows it?

a. Radical response: “The Abrahamic religions are shot through with patriarchy and homophobia. If women and/or LGBT+ individuals are to achieve true equality, they must leave the oppressive structures of the traditional religions and form their own denominations.”

b. More moderate response: “What do you think about the more open welcoming positions of churches and mosques like 1) the Protestant Disciples of Christ, a founding organization of Chapman / Brandman University, 2) Anglican, the English Catholic Church, or 3) the non-denominational Unitarian or Unity churches or 4) progressive Islamic groups such as linked here — https://www.mpvusa.org .

Be sure to include your definitions of what “patriarchy” and “homophobia” means with specific examples in your response.
Reference: Young, W. A. (2013). World’s Religions: World’s Views and Contemporary Issues 4th ed.

Comment on which of those categories you would use when describing yourself, i.e., what factors play a role in your identity. What additional events or experiences shaped your identity or life experiences, i.e.,

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This 8 to 10-page paper is on your own background, your personal exploration of your own culture – your attitudes, values, and beliefs. This will be a major assessment of your commitment to developing multicultural awareness. Please feel free to use pictures as well!

The paper should have the following sections:

  1. Demographic Categories. Use the ADDRESSING model to identify your background and identity. Comment on which of those categories you would use when describing yourself, i.e., what factors play a role in your identity. What additional events or experiences shaped your identity or life experiences, i.e.,
  2. Attitudes, Values, & Beliefs. What are your major attitudes, values, and beliefs that drive your life goals, daily living, and worldview? Where did you learn these, i.e. from what life events or culture teachers?
  3. Biases. What negative biases do you know that you have about other groups of people? What events, experiences, or people impacted these biases?
  4. Multicultural Goals. End the paper with what you hope to develop, experience or learn from this course. This course is called Social and Cultural Diversity

 

Which significant author you have studied most speaks to your own ethical paradigm as you are (re)forming it now?

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Week 8 Assignment:
Paper – Reflective Assessment

Required Resources
Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). Thinking critically about ethical issues (8th ed.). New York: Mc-Graw Hill.  

Introduction
You began this work considering a moral-ethical dilemma faced (attached).  For this paper, consider also all the other papers you’ve written for me.

Instructions
Create a reflective written assessment revisiting the ethical dilemma (attached) and considering the other papers, all the ethics schools, theories, methods, and pioneer philosophers, and address the following:

  • What ethical theory best applies to the experience?
  • Which significant author you have studied most speaks to your own ethical paradigm as you are (re)forming it now?
  • If you did not resolve your ethical dilemma when you experienced it, what would you do now and why?
  • Considering interactions in discussions and groups. Are we a society of learners who greatly benefit from interactions? Or are we islands, whose individual systems and beliefs are exclusive to ourselves?

How have religious officials/institutions justified their position using sacred texts or religious philosophies?

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Thesis statement required:
scholarly books or journal articles (with link to access)

A couple possible sources included, however may use others.

Only suggestion: could use the Four Noble Truths as framework…
Also include:
How has Buddhism responded to the issue?
Has there been a varied response by different sectarian groups within that tradition? i.e. Tibetan/Vajrayana, Theravada, Mahayana, Zen, Chan….etc
How have religious officials/institutions justified their position using sacred texts or religious philosophies?
Did you find both conservative and liberal viewpoints on the chosen topic?

Does God act through laws that God has created (like in Thomism)?

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Detailed Instructions: For Assignment from the instructor

Last week we covered how God might act through creation. This week, we will discuss how God can act in the world. Are all events directly dependent and immediately caused by God (this is called “occasionalism”? Does God act through laws that God has created (like in Thomism)? Does God act in a persuasive or non-coercive way (as in “process” thought)?  What kinds of causal powers does God have?

We will read chapter 12 from the McGrath text, and the readings on Aquinas and Process Philosophy from the Campbell and Looy text, and the selection from Boyd and Cobb (optional).

We will participate in a discussion on line concerning the relative strengths and weaknesses of these three views of divine actions.

** After Reading chapters 12, in the McGrath text and the entries from Looy and Campbell on ” on Aquinas and Process Philosophy, and other reading sources. I will be downloading with this assignment**

**Answer the following questions below.  One Page**

There are at least three ways to look at divine action from the reading for this week (maybe   4 if you consider the “Kenotic” theory of John Polkinghorne). The first is occasionalism-which is the idea that God directly causes each event in the universe. The secondary is the Thomistic view of primary and secondary causes.  Here God – as primary (or direct) cause –  creates the laws that govern the universe and its materials and then these other agents, or secondary causes (like gravity, human freedom, evolution) in turn bring about other events. Here, God can intervene if necessary but usually lets the secondary causes operate. Finally, process though is the idea that God cannot prevent many events because God can only act by “persuasion” – for example, God cannot prevent a shooter in a crowded theater from murdering people but can only try to persuade people from not doing these acts. In a similar way, God “persuades” matter to do things but doesn’t coerce it.

Which of these views (or maybe an alternate view) works best and why.

How did this terminology occur, what is the connection with actual postmodernism, why should we avoid to connect this world with legit online activism and what does Jordan Peterson have to do with it?

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The Word postmodern and it’s abbreviation PoMo is used as a downgrading label for every kind of social activism, so called “social justice warriors”, members of the LGBTQ-Community and identity politics. How did this terminology occur, what is the connection with actual postmodernism, why should we avoid to connect this world with legit online activism and what does Jordan Peterson have to do with it?