Discuss the specific actions that should be taken and the safety devices that should be used to protect workers when operating and repairing the AC and DC equipment in the smelting plant.

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Discuss the specific actions that should be taken and the safety devices that should be used to protect workers when operating and repairing the AC and DC equipment in the smelting plant.

Develop a floor plan and radiation safety or protection rules in form of instructions and guidelines for room where ionizing radiation is used for medical purposes.

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Develop a floor plan and radiation safety or protection rules in form of instructions and guidelines for room where ionizing radiation is used for medical purposes.

What are the characteristics of high energy waves?

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What are the characteristics of high energy waves?

Discuss briefly the relationship between exercise and energy expenditure and how this relates to economy or efficiency.

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Discuss briefly the relationship between exercise and energy expenditure and how this relates to economy or efficiency.

Given the results of your experiment, what can you say about the relationship between fluid density and fluid pressure?

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Fluid Pressure Simulation

Learning Goals:

  • To understand how pressure varies with the fluid density
  • To understand how pressure varies with varying gravitational acceleration

Open the PHET simulation at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/under-pressure/latest/under-pressure_en.html

Part 1.

  1. Select the first setting with a single pool.
  2. Empty the pool completely. Make sure that the units are in Metric. Do not touch the Fluid Density or Gravity values.
  3. Using the Ruler or Grid feature, measure the height of the pool, .
  4. Take the pressure gauge and place it at the top of the empty pool. Record the value of pressure,
  5. Now take the pressure gauge and place it at the bottom of the pool. Fill the pool with water and record the pressure value.
  6. Now, keeping the pressure gauge at the same location, start increasing the density of the fluid, in increments of 10 until you reach a density of . Fill in the table below with your values.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

 

  1. Using the data collected above, create a scatter plot of . You can do this in Excel and then copy and paste it here. (If you are unsure about this step, ask.)
  2. Using the options of scatter plots in Excel, get a line of best fit to the plot. Obtain the equation for the line and include it in your graph.

Questions

  1. What are the units of the slope?
  2. What physical quantity does the slope represent?
  3. How does the measured value compare with the expected value? Answer this question by calculating the percent error.
  4. What are the units of the y-intercept?
  5. What physical quantity does the y-intercept represent?
  6. How does the measured value compare with the expected value? Answer this question by calculating the percent error.
  7. Given the results of your experiment, what can you say about the relationship between fluid density and fluid pressure?

Part 2.

  1. For this part repeat all the steps as above, except that instead of varying the density you are going to vary the value of the acceleration of gravity, in increments of 0.1 until you reach the value of .
  2. Collect the table in a table like above, make a scatter plot and obtain the equation of the line of best fit.

Questions

  1. What are the units of the slope?
  2. What physical quantity does the slope represent?
  3. How does the measured value compare with the expected value? Answer this question by calculating the percent error.
  4. What are the units of the y-intercept?
  5. What physical quantity does the y-intercept represent?
  6. How does the measured value compare with the expected value? Answer this question by calculating the percent error.
  7. Given the results of your experiment, what can you say about the relationship between fluid density and gravitational acceleration?

Additional Questions

  1. Is the y-intercept of each graph the same? Should it be? Explain.
  2. How would the experiment change if you were to perform me without atmosphere? Be quantitative in your answer; that is, which quantities would change in your plots?
  3. If we did a third experiment in which we kept the fluid density and gravitational acceleration constants, but we varied the depth at which we measured the pressure, what would be the relationship between the Fluid pressure and the depth?

 

Explain,with reference to aPWR fuel geometry how flow in reactor core flow passages can be analysed using correlations obtained from measurements in circular pipes.

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Turn overPage 1of 2Reactor Operation and Design: Assessment.This assessment contains four questions. Each question is worth 25%.
1.Reactor Criticality
(a)Starting from the ‘reactor equation’, ,but otherwise deriving all results that you use, show that, if the core and reflector diffusion coefficients are equal, the reduction in the critical radius of a spherical reactor when an infinite reflector is added is approximately one diffusion length.(b)Determine the critical core radius for such a reflected reactorof the composition and other characteristics in the table below.SpeciesNumber density / m^3C8.00E+28Fe7.50E+27O2.67E+28U-2356.10E+25U-2386.59E+27Diffusion coefficient0.08mResonance escape probability0.94Fast fission factor1.01
2.Reactor Kinetics
(a)Derive equations describing the time dependent behaviour of a reactor in the presence of multiple groups of delayed neutrons
(b)Show how the various initial values needed are determined.
(c)Such a reactor, when critical,is subject to a step reactivity increase of about $1. Sketch and explain the subsequent variation of reactor power.
3.Fluid flow and heat transfer
(a)Explain,with reference to aPWR fuel geometry how flow in reactor core flow passages can be analysed using correlations obtained from measurements in circular pipes.(50 words maximum.)(b)Explain the meaning and physical significance of the Reynolds number. (50 words maximum.)(c)What is meant by ‘heat transfer coefficient’, and how might you obtain a value to use in analysing a PWR core under normal conditions?(50 words maximum.)∇2+B2()φ=0

Page 2of 2

(d)Explainthe meaning and physical significance of the Nusselt number.(50 words maximum.)(e)Discuss from a thermal point of view the issues associated with ‘gap’ heat transfer, between the outside of a fuel pellet and the inside of the cladding. (100 words maximum.)

4.Core Thermal HydraulicsData for a novel PWR-type Small Modular Reactor (SMR) are listed below. Neglect control rodsand take coolant physical properties at 300C saturated. Assume the flux distribution corresponding to a simple bare cylindrical core. As required, useappropriate empirical correlations from the module.

(a)Determine the Reynolds number of the flow in the core.

(b)Determine the Darcy-Weisbach (Moody-chart) friction factor for the flow in the core.

(c)Calculate the wall shear stress, and the pressure drop between core inlet and outletof the core.

(d)Determine the pumping power required for the core.

(e)What fraction of the electricity the plant generates is required to pump the coolant through the core?

(f)What will be the heat transfer coefficient between the fuel rods and the coolant?

(g)Determine the cladding external temperature at the axial mid-planefor an average rod. Will this be the highest external cladding temperaturefor that rod? Explain your answer.Fuel rod outside diametermm8.5Rod pitch (square lattice)mm13.0Core coolant mass flow ratekg/s12,000Number of fuel rods-26,000Fuel rod lengthm3.4Axial peak linear rating (average over all rods)kW/m25.5Pump efficiency-0.88Plant cycle efficiency-0.36

Calculate the forces in the rods KM and IL (indicate pressure or tension). Can rod LN be replaced with a rope? Justify the answer.

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Figure 1. Trusses

Figure 1. shows a truss composed of poles. It is stored in fixed bearing A and fixed bearing B. At the nodes N, P and R, forces act as shown in the figure. All joints are torque and friction free.

  1. Explain with a sketch, and without calculation, what type of load bar AJ is exposed to (pressure or tension). Indicate any “zero bars” in the truss and show one of them why it is a zero bar. Show whether the truss is internally statically determined or internally statically indeterminate.
  2. Calculate the reaction forces (bearing forces) in fixed bearing A and fixed bearing B. Calculate the forces in the rods KM and IL (indicate pressure or tension). Can rod LN be replaced with a rope? Justify the answer.

Task 2

A person at a fitness center holds a weight with mass as shown in figure 2. The exercise machine is fixed clamp E and has a fixed bearing F. You can assume that bolt bearings (joints) A and C, pulleys B and D and fixed bearing F are friction-free. Components: Pulleys B and D, ACD, AE and CF.

  1. draw a free body diagram for each of the components of exercise equipment and look at the forces and moments that may act on each component (for the given load).
  2. Calculate the friction force (bearing forces and any clamping torque) in E and F For the exercise machine. Indicate the direction of the reactions.

 

What factors may have affected or biased the data and introduced uncertainty in the experiment measurements?

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NOTES FOR EACH HEADING:

Name: Do not expect credit if not included.

Title: The experiment name. Do not include the Module number. Again, do not expect credit if not included.

Hypothesis: Statement that the experiment is going to test, prove, or disprove. What is the point of the experiment? (Make a statement that the experiment will either clearly prove or disprove.)

  • NOT a hypothesis: “To prove the Conservation of Momentum/Newton’s Third Law” or “What happens when I drop/swing a ball on a Newton’s Cradle.”
  • IS a hypothesis: “Using the law of conservation of momentum, releasing X number of balls on one side of the line of balls will result in the same number of balls being propelled outward on the opposite side with the same velocity and momentum.” While the hypothesis does not need to be so detailed or long, it does need to make a statement specific enough to be testable in order to prove or disprove.

Overview: Brief summary of what was tested, how it was tested, and what occurred in the experiment (as in the general actions or procedures). Should include specifics (or at least some aspects) of the hypothesis.

Procedures:  See Experiment Instructions (use this phrase; do not include actual procedures from the experiment).

Data Table:  See Experiment Data Table (use this phrase; do not include actual data or tables from the experiment).

Uncertainty & Error:  Can you trust your data?

Considerations:

  • What factors may have affected or biased the data and introduced uncertainty in the experiment measurements? Or, what conditions created uncertainty in your measurements? Which measurements were most affected?”
  • If you were conducting the experiment in a physical environment, what other factors would have to be taken into account while accomplishing the procedures? How might they affect the data and/or experiment outcome?

Conclusion/Summary:  This section must contain each of the items listed below. Although you are now the one speaking, of your personal results, you will still wish to retain your professional detachment (i.e., avoid using “I” as much as possible). Although this is merely an example, it does contain all the requisite components. You may write this section how you see fit, as long as the items annotated are included. However, a checklist or bullet list is not acceptable. The clarity and flow of your conclusion/summary should make clear to any ready what you did in the experiment and how it turned out.

“In this experiment, XXX (idea or concept) was tested (or simply restate your hypothesis). This was done by (how you did it—brief description of above procedures/overview). The results were/indicated that (what you learned or proved/disproved—again, hypothesis). Some errors that may have occurred with this experiment include (possible errors/flaws—must include at least one). In the future, XXX (changes, additions, deletions or other suggested improvements) should be considered to enhance the experiment.

Application: How does this topic—and science in general—impact our understanding of the complex, technological society of which we are a part? How does this explain something in the real world around you? Give specific examples.

Poor example:

“Knowing this helps in commerce and shipping.” (Vague, does not add clarity—HOW does it help?).

Good example:

“Proper understanding and calculation of density/weight and buoyancy ensure boats and ships are not overloaded, which is critical for the safe shipping of materials on the world’s oceans and rivers. Additionally, being able to calculate volume displacement enables shippers to mark shipping and passenger vessels with water lines, or Plimsoll lines, to indicate maximum load displacement.”

The Good example above is more detailed and expansive than required (italicized portion), but it is given as an example to show the degree of clarity and specificity expected.

Note: simply rehashing the experiment results is not an application:

Ex: “A more thorough and clear knowledge on how time and acceleration is affected by an object’s mass is provided by this experiment.”

 

Illustrate the effects that constraints have on the performance of a dynamic mechanical system

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Illustrate the effects that constraints have on the performance of a dynamic mechanical system

Determine the mass of gas ejected by the rocketduring the burn, state whether you agree with the assumption that this is negligible compared to the mass oftheorbiter.

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Section A(ShortAnswers)[10]➢For each questionbelow,ostate what equation you are using for the first markandoshow how the data is inserted into the equation along with the final answer for the second mark.A1.Two forces of 8 N and 15 N act at right angles to each other. Calculate themagnitude of the resultant force.[2]A2.A body with a 5.0 kg mass is dropped from the top of a 20m tower to the ground.How much gravitational potential energy does it have just before it is dropped?[2]A3. A 2.0 V cell is used with a potentiometer to find the emf of an unknown battery. With the 2.0 V cell in place the wire has a length of 136 mm and with the unknown battery in place the length changes to 612 mm. What is the emf of the unknown battery? [2]A4. What is the wavelength of BBC Radio 2 which broadcasts at a frequency of88.1MHz?[2]A5.A small object is placed a distance of 15 cm to the left of a convex converging lens and produces an image that is 30 cm to the right of the lens. Calculate the focal length ofthe lens.[2]

Section B(LongAnswers)[40]QuestionB1[10]A space orbiter of mass 2.0 × 104kg is travelling at 1500 ms−1. The engines eject hot exhaust gases at a speed of 1200 ms−1relative to the orbiter. In order to get onto the correct trajectory to dock with a satellite the orbiter fires its engines and carries out a 5.0 s burn. During this burn the orbiter increases its velocity by 3.0ms−

1.(a)State the “principle of conservation of linear momentum” including the condition required for it tobeapplied.

[2](b)Assuming the mass of fuel ejected is negligible compared to the mass of the orbiter, what is,(i)the acceleration of theorbiter,(ii)the distancetravelled(iii)and the force produced by the engines duringtheburn?

[3](c)Determine the mass of gas ejected by the rocketduring the burn, state whether you agree with the assumption that this is negligible compared to the mass oftheorbiter.

[5]QuestionB2[10](a)A convex lens has a focal length of 25.0 cm. An object is placed at a distance of 35.0 cm from thislens.

(i)Calculate the image distance for thisarrangement.

(ii)What is the magnification oftheimage?

[4](b)The image is required to be magnified by 5times.

(i)At what distance would the object have to be placed from the lens to achieve this?

(ii)What is the new image distance?

(iii)Hence or otherwise, what is the total distance from the object totheimage?[6]

QuestionB3[10](a)Figure QB3 shows a network of resistors, calculate the value of the circuit’s resistance.[5]ZFigure QB3(b)If the battery has an emf = 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance, what is the reading ontheammeter?[5]QuestionB4[10](a)State the two conditions required for the movement of a body to be considered simple harmonic motion (SHM) and explain how each condition is represented by the equation,𝑎𝑎=−𝜔𝜔2𝑥𝑥.[2](b)A body of mass 0.45 kg is moving with simple harmonic motion. It has an amplitude of 6.0 cm and its frequency is 0.40 Hz.Determine,(i)the maximum velocity of the body, explaining the steps taken to produce an equation for maximumvelocity,(ii)the maximum acceleration of the body, explaining how you modified the equation to account for maximumacceleration,(iii)the total energy of the system, stating which equation you have used and how you modified it to find thetotalenergy.[8]R1 = 45R2 = 55XYR4 =30R3 = 25