Write a paper explaining the concept of extinction. Be sure to explain how extinction relates to the presence or absence of reinforcement in your definition. Provide support for your explanation from your course texts.

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EXTINCTION

There are various ways that a behavior analyst can reduce unwanted behaviors. Punishment was discussed earlier this quarter, but problem behavior can be decreased through a less aversive procedure called extinction. Extinction withholds reinforcement, rather than adding or removing a consequence. Extinction is another basic principle of behavior, and we will explore it this week.

For this assignment:

Write a paper explaining the concept of extinction. Be sure to explain how extinction relates to the presence or absence of reinforcement in your definition. Provide support for your explanation from your course texts.

Describe the behavior in objective terms. Describe how the extinction contingency played a role in the discontinuation of this behavior. Describe extinction burst. If possible, relate this to your example.

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Operant Extinction

To keep behaviors in an individual’s repertoire, reinforcement must occur. When reinforcement is discontinued, the behavior stops occurring. This process is called extinction.

Think of a behavior that you have experienced. This can be a behavior exhibited by yourself, a client, or another person.

In your post:

Describe the behavior in objective terms.
Describe how the extinction contingency played a role in the discontinuation of this behavior.
Describe extinction burst. If possible, relate this to your example.
Explain any bursts that may have occurred in your extinction contingency example.

What guidelines would you employ to determine whether nonerotic touching was therapeutic or countertherapeutic? Would the population you work with make a difference? Would the work setting make a difference? How comfortable are you as both the recipient and giver of nonerotic touch? What are your ethical concerns about touching?

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ETHICS PSYM531

Directions: Explore the following ethical considerations. Write a 750 word-/3 pgs exploration of the following questions in APA format include cover sheet. Your exploration should include the text, outside sources and personal view.

1.What guidelines would you employ to determine whether nonerotic touching was therapeutic or countertherapeutic? Would the population you work with make a difference? Would the work setting make a difference? How comfortable are you as both the recipient and giver of nonerotic touch? What are your ethical concerns about touching?

Identify counselor and client expectations (what the client can expect from you and you from them). Explain what will happen during the initial meeting and subsequent sessions.

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Inviting the Client into the Therapeutic Process

Beginning meetings appropriately with clients is essential, since the first impression is often the lasting impression. Generally, the therapeutic assessment interview takes place during the initial meeting between the client and the counselor. During this interview process, the counselor will gather, assess, and analyze pertinent information from the client about their current cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral experiences, precipitating factors/events, and mental health history, including their family history.

As you may imagine, disclosing this information can be difficult for most people. Beginning a therapeutic relationship can provoke feelings of anxiousness. Clients generally feel anxious to have the problem bringing them to therapy resolved, but they are also anxious about whether there will be a connection with the counselor, and what they can expect from the therapeutic process. To help relieve clients of these anxious feelings, counselors are encouraged to frame the purpose and the process of counseling by setting the tone for the relationship. Counselors can achieve this task by using the initial meeting to establish the therapeutic relationship, setting boundaries, and establishing rules and expectations of the helping context such as confidentiality, crisis management, professional disclosure statement, etc.

Think about how you would set the tone and establish a therapeutic relationship with a client. Demonstrate how you would begin your initial meeting with a client. Include the following in your introduction response:

  • Explanation of the counseling process including the purpose of the therapeutic assessment interview
  • Identify counselor and client expectations (what the client can expect from you and you from them).
  • Explain what will happen during the initial meeting and subsequent sessions.
  • Limits of confidentiality
  • Checkout question
  • Door opener

Explain the concept of a knowledge worker. Define and explain nursing informatics and highlight the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker.

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ADLERIAN COUNSELING: CASE CONCEPTUALIZATION

The term “knowledge worker” was first coined by management consultant and author Peter Drucker in his book, The Landmarks of Tomorrow (1959). Drucker defined knowledge workers as high-level workers who apply theoretical and analytical knowledge, acquired through formal training, to develop products and services. Does this sound familiar?

Nurses are very much knowledge workers. What has changed since Drucker’s time are the ways that knowledge can be acquired. The volume of data that can now be generated and the tools used to access this data have evolved significantly in recent years and helped healthcare professionals (among many others) to assume the role of knowledge worker in new and powerful ways.

In this Assignment, you will consider the evolving role of the nurse leader and how this evolution has led nurse leaders to assume the role of knowledge worker. You will prepare a PowerPoint presentation with an infographic (graphic that visually represents information, data, or knowledge. Infographics are intended to present information quickly and clearly.) to educate others on the role of nurse as knowledge worker.

Reference: Drucker, P. (1959). The landmarks of tomorrow. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.

To Prepare:

  • Review the concepts of informatics as presented in the Resources.
  • Reflect on the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker.
  • Consider how knowledge may be informed by data that is collected/accessed.

The Assignment:

  • Explain the concept of a knowledge worker.
  • Define and explain nursing informatics and highlight the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker.
  • Include one slide that visually represents the role of a nurse leader as knowledge worker.
  • Your PowerPoint should Include the hypothetical scenario you originally shared in the Discussion Forum. Include your examination of the data that you could use, how the data might be accessed/collected, and what knowledge might be derived from that data. Be sure to incorporate feedback received from your colleagues’ responses.

Describe the four categories of study that research efforts on creativity have focused on. Pick one of these four and summarize the empirical trends in what researchers in that area of study have discovered about creativity. What do you think is one scientific gap in this area of study?

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DISCUSSION ESSAY

Be sure to do the following:

-Respond to ALL prompt questions.

-Include headers for reading author and title (put title/author above your response)

-Clearly demonstrate your understanding of reading material in YOUR OWN WORDS

-Your response across all questions should be ~1 page

Lyubomirsky: CH 7: Increasing flow experiences

  • In your own words, how has the state of flow been described by psychologists (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi)? List and describe three of the strategies discussed to increase flow, and discuss which you think might be the most effective from your personal perspective.

Smith (2012). (https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_…)

  • In the interview with Lehrer, how does he define creativity? In what ways does this diverge from traditional perspectives on creativity? Do you agree or disagree?

Simonton (2012).

  • Describe the four categories of study that research efforts on creativity have focused on. Pick one of these four and summarize the empirical trends in what researchers in that area of study have discovered about creativity. What do you think is one scientific gap in this area of study?

Develop any accompanying documents required, including recruitment advert, participant information sheet, consent form, questionnaire/interview scheduled/data collection tool and debrief sheet.

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COUNSELLING.

Develop any accompanying documents required, including recruitment advert, participant information sheet, consent form, questionnaire/interview scheduled/data collection tool and debrief sheet.

Identify the professional qualifications, skills, and competencies required for psychologists to work as counselling psychologists (CLOs 1, 2), and describe what registration requirements and professional memberships are involved in that endorsement (CLO 4).

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Counselling psychologist

Identify the professional qualifications, skills, and competencies required for psychologists to work as counselling psychologists (CLOs 1, 2), and describe what registration requirements and professional memberships are involved in that endorsement (CLO 4).

Considering your answer above, reflect on how the professional skills and competencies of counselling psychologists relate to your own personal development and career aspirations (CLO 6).

See the below resources for the reflective assignment:

  • https://psychology.org.au/for-members/member-services/studenthq/studying-psychology/study-pathwaysks to an external site.
  • Psychology Board (Ahpra) https://www.psychologyboard.gov.au/Registration/General.aspx
  • https://www.psychologyboard.gov.au/Endorsement/Pathways-to-endorsement.aspx
  • https://www.psychologyboard.gov.au/Standards-and-Guidelines/Registration-Standards.aspx
  • https://www.psychologyboard.gov.au/Standards-and-Guidelines/Codes-Guidelines-Policies.aspx
  • https://www.psychologyboard.gov.au/Standards-and-Guidelines/Registration-Standards.aspx
  • https://www.psychologyboard.gov.au/Standards-and-Guidelines/Codes-Guidelines-Policies.aspx
  • https://www.psychologyboard.gov.au/Standards-and-Guidelines/Codes-Guidelines-Policies.aspx
  • https://www.ahpra.gov.au/About-Ahpra/What-We-Do/Legislation.aspx

If a person obtains an IQ score of 128, how many % of people in the population is having a score lower than him?

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Research methods in Psychology (use SPSS and Excel to finish)

Answer all questions. Download the relevant datasets from the OLE platform. Use SPSS to perform the data analysis (or Excel functions when specified) and include the output in your answers. Put all your answers, SPSS outputs, and graphs in a single Word file. (You may visit the computer labs C0411, C0412, C0413, D0625, D0626, and D0627 to find computers with SPSS installed.)

1. A standardized IQ test has a population mean score of 100 and population standard deviation of 15.

  • a. If a person obtains an IQ score of 128, how many % of people in the population is having a score lower than him? (Write down the Excel function you used.)
  • b. For a person with a Z–score of –0.55, how many % of people in the population is having a score higher than her? (Write down the Excel function you used.)
  • c. What is the Z–score below which includes 35% of people in the population? (Write down the Excel function you used.)

2. Data in the “PSYC A331F Assignment 1 Q2.sav” file show the mid–term test scores in the social psychology test and the biological psychology test of 25 male students and 30 female students in a university. Using SPSS, compute the mean and standard deviation of the scores in each test, separately for each gender.

3. A professor wants to test whether the population mean score of the female students in the social psychology test is different from the hypothesized value of 70. Use the data in the “PSYC A331F Assignment 1 Q2.sav” file, conduct an appropriate statistical test to obtain the results. Do the test results support the professor’s hypothesis? List all the following steps:

  • a. Name of the statistical test
  • b. Null hypothesis and research hypothesis
  • c. Distribution and its degree of freedom
  • d. t–value and p–value
  • e. Whether the research hypothesis is supported
  • f. Conclusion in the context of the question
4. Use the data in the “PSYC A331F Assignment 1 Q2.sav” file, conduct an appropriate statistical test to test whether the population mean scores of the male and female students are different in the biological psychology test (assuming equal variances in the two groups). List all the steps as required in Q3.

5. Because of the low performance in the social psychology test, the group of male students joined a special enhancement class for two weeks. Their test scores before and after the special class are shown in the “PSYC A331F Assignment 1 Q5.sav” file. Conduct an appropriate statistical test to test whether the special class has led to an improvement in social psychology of the male students. List all the steps as required in Q3.

6. A psychologist recruited three groups of participants with different personality types to perform a memory experiment on memorizing a set of emotional pictures. He hypothesized that memory performance on emotional pictures would be different among people with different personality types. The data of their performance is shown in the “PSYC A331F Assignment 1 Q6.sav” file. Conduct an appropriate statistical test to test whether the psychologist’s hypothesis is supported. List the following:

  • a. Name of the statistical test
  • b. Null hypothesis and research hypothesis
  • c. F–value with degrees of freedom, and p–value
  • d. Whether the research hypothesis is supported
  • e. Conclusion in the context of the question
  • f. If necessary, conduct post–hoc tests (with Bonferroni correction) on the data and interpret the results.

7. A psychologist wants to investigate whether the study major of university students is related to their logical thinking ability. In addition, she is also interested in knowing whether logical thinking ability is different between male and female students. Data in the “PSYC A331F Assignment 1 Q7.sav” file show the scores of some psychology major and economic major students in a logical ability test.

  • a. Conduct an appropriate statistical analysis to answer the two research questions of the psychologist.
  • b. Is any significant interaction shown? Interpret the results.

Critically evaluate this statement drawing from the fields of cognitive psychology and individual differences.

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Psychology Question

In psychology, it is more important to consider the similarities between people rather than the differences. Critically evaluate this statement drawing from the fields of cognitive psychology and individual differences.