Explain the similarities and differences between intergroup theories.

/in /by

Topic: Intergroup Theories

There are many theories of how individuals behave in groups. This collection of theories has come to be known as intergroup theories of behavior or simply intergroup theories. Research in this area has grown vastly and has produced a plethora of information regarding the prediction of human behavior. In fact, the field was becoming cluttered with information, although it is consolidating (Riek, Mania, & Gaertner, 2006). Intergroup theories of behavior are typically very well supported. Several theories have emerged via scientific evidence that are worth noting here as each has something to say about motivation: integrated threat theory, social identity theory, and social dominance theory.

Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Explain the unique perspective that intergroup theories (integrated threat theory, social identity theory, and social dominance theory) contribute to an overall understanding of motivation in the workplace.
  • Explain how the groups people belong to influence their motivation in the workplace.
  • Explain the similarities and differences between intergroup theories.
  • Describe the overall level of research support for intergroup theories.
  • Illustrate how intergroup theories can be applied in the workplace.
  • Assess the strengths and weaknesses of intergroup theories.

Part 1: Integrated Threat Theory

At the end of this part of the lesson, you will be able to:

  • Define, illustrate, and differentiate between personal threat and intergroup threat.
  • Explain how threat conditions (no threat, personal threat, and intergroup threat) affect behavior.

Part 2: Social Identity Theory

At the end of this part of the lesson, you will be able to:

  • Define and differentiate between personal identity and social identity.
  • Explain when personal or social identity is the primary determinant of a person’s behavior.
  • Explain the relationship between group status, self-esteem, and social identity.

L04 Overview

Topic: Job-Design Approach

Suppose that you had a job where the pay and benefits are competitive, your co-workers and supervisor are wonderful, and you agree with the policies and practices of the organization. The only problem is that you find the work tasks that you do boring and monotonous. Would you be motivated and satisfied with such a job? In comparison with pay, benefits, collegial co-workers, and good supervision, how important is it for the work that you do to be meaningful, interesting, and challenging?

According to the job-design approach, the primary source of work motivation is the content of people’s jobs. That is, by designing jobs to be more appealing, motivation can be improved. When work is interesting, meaningful, and enjoyable, employees will be more satisfied and perform better. Therefore, it is important to properly match individuals to jobs to achieve the best fit. However, too often, jobs are devised haphazardly without giving adequate attention to the needs of workers (Campion & Thayer, 1987). Managers may tend to blame employees for low productivity when the real problem lies in a poorly designed set of tasks. The job-design approach assumes that people can be motivated by the nature of their job tasks. The emphasis is on the jobs that are performed and the fit of individuals into those jobs.

It is important to understand the historical context for this approach to motivation. Frederick W. Taylor’s principles of scientific management influenced many organizations to design jobs in order to maximize efficiency. Many jobs such as assembly-line jobs were simple, mechanized, highly routine, and monotonous (e.g. spray painting cars or tightening the lugs on the right front wheel of a car for 8 hours per day). While this mechanistic job-design approach reduced errors, required little training, and allowed almost anyone to do these types of jobs, the drawbacks included worker complaints of boredom and dissatisfaction as well as high absenteeism and turnover. During this time, financial incentives were the dominant way that managers attempted to motivate workers. However, in the 1950s and 1960s, job-based theories introduced the idea that job content can impact motivation either positively or negatively. Changing jobs to be more meaningful and satisfying to employees could be an important source of motivation and job satisfaction.

In this lesson, we will consider two theories that focus on the nature of the job as the source of motivation: Herzberg’s two-factor theory and Hackman and Oldham’s job characteristics theory.

Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

  • Explain the unique perspective that job-based theories (two-factor theory and job characteristics theory) contribute to an overall understanding of motivation in the workplace.
  • Explain the similarities and differences between job-based theories.
  • Describe the overall level of research support for job-based theories.
  • Illustrate how job-based theories can be applied in the workplace.
  • Assess the strengths and weaknesses of job-based theories.
  • List and describe the four job-design approaches that make up the multidisciplinary approach.

Part 1: Two-Factor Theory

At the end of this part of the lesson, you will be able to:

  • Define, illustrate, and differentiate between hygiene factors and motivators.
  • Explain how hygiene factors and motivators contribute to work motivation and job satisfaction.

Part 2: Job Characteristics Theory

At the end of this part of the lesson, you will be able to:

  • Describe the job characteristics model in terms of the five core job dimensions, three critical psychological states, and work outcomes.
  • Define motivation potential score (MPS) and growth-need strength and explain the relationship between MPS, growth-need strength, and work outcomes.

Readings and Resources

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Paper Assignment

If you have any questions please let me know. If you need more info from lesson let me know. I am currently in the military Air Force SSgt in a leadership position I have 5 troops under me. We are working 12 hours days due to covid since we have some personell that are sick. The moral is low and every ojne is tired all the time including my self.

 

 

 

Assignment Overview

  • Purpose:Analyze and apply ideas from two work-behavior theories and related concepts to your own behaviors in an organizational setting and identify actionable steps to change targeted behaviors.
  • Leadership Competencies Key:Analyzing and Evaluating Information (Critical Thinking), Considering New Ideas and Adapting (Agility), Presenting a Proposal (Communication), Pursuing Self-Development (Career Drive), Setting Objectives (Execution)

Deliverable and Criteria Details

By Monday, 9 AM, submit your Analysis and Application of Work Behavior Research paper. Write a paper (3-4 pages, Times New Roman, 12 pt font, double-spaced; cover and references pages are not included in page count), applying work-behavior concepts and research to analysis of your own behaviors and to development of an actionable plan to change selected behaviors.

In this paper, you will analyze and apply selected theories or research about work behavior to your own experiences. As reflected in the Leadership Competencies that are targeted in this assignment, a key objective is to recognize that influencing behavior is not “just” common sense. You will critically reflect on the value of theory and research to improve your ability to target behavior — beginning with “self” as a case-study subject.

Select 2-3 ideas from work behavior theory or research to analyze and implement to target and change 1-2 of your own organizational behaviors during the remainder of the term. (Note that you may choose to focus on behaviors and goals in broadly defined organizational settings, including volunteer or paid work environments, community organizations, religious organizations, etc.) You will fully explain and analyze your behaviors and the ways and reasons you will target them, using concepts from your selected work behavior theories and research. You do not have to select “major” or “significant” or “big” behaviors. It’s best to select behaviors that you genuinely want to change in some way and that can be meaningfully impacted with efforts made during the term. Your targeted behaviors should involve interactions with and/or have impacts on others, not focus on personal behavioral goals. For example, don’t choose behaviors related to personal health or fitness.

Your analyses should be based on course content and any additional research you might choose to include. Before applying new concepts, terminology, or theories, you must define and explain them in your own words and cite the sources of information where and when information from sources is used.

There is no right or wrong answer for this paper, but you must make your argument based on the standards set here and in a clear and concise manner. This means with a clear thesis statement, detailed explanations, apparent connection between theory and behaviors, and strong organization (i.e. cohesive essay with clear and well-integrated beginning, middle, and end — not just a series of answers to the directions and questions below).

SMART Goals

Your behavior change goals should follow the SMART format. Your action steps should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timely.

For example, “I will be more assertive” is not a SMART step. It’s too general and leaves too many unanswered questions: With whom? When? How? Why? What obstacles/challenges (internal and/or external) might you anticipate, and what strategies can you put in place to overcome them? How and when will you assess targeted behavior change to determine success — and possible necessary modifications — of your action steps?

For more information about SMART goals, please see Step 4 (Write a Goal Statement for Each Solution) of the following Penn State Extension resource: The Seven Steps of Action Planning (Links to an external site.). This topic is also addressed in Lesson 13.

Accountability Partner

Identify an “accountability partner” to provide feedback and support throughout the term. (You will reflect on the impact of your accountability partner in the Unit 04 Assignment.) Just as you may think beyond a career/work setting for your definition of “organization,” your “accountability partner” can, also, be broadly defined. As you select your accountability partner, consider the following things:

  • Select someone whom you trust — to be honest with you, to hold you accountable, and to keep your confidences.
  • Select someone who is familiar with your strengths and weaknesses, and who has the opportunity to witness the behaviors you’re targeting.
  • Select someone who would be willing to provide feedback over the next few months. Be sure to ask permission and confirm their genuine willingness. Emphasize that you only want them to accept this role if they have time and interest.
  • Clearly explain what you’re asking of them. Tell them the behaviors you’re planning to target over the next few months. Explain your reasons. Be specific in explaining the changes in behaviors you’ll be focusing on and the ways you plan to increase the success of making those changes (i.e. the theoretical or research concepts you plan to apply). Be specific in identifying checkpoints or target dates when you’d like to touch base with them to discuss your progress. Will you be asking for feedback? Reminders? Or just a listening ear?

Components

A possible organizing structure for your paper might be as follows:

  • Explain 1-2 of your own organizational behaviors that you’d like to change in some way. Provide details about the organization and your reasons for targeting those selected behaviors.
  • Present and discuss 2-3 work-behavior theories or concepts that you believe are relevant to your intended behavior changes. Explain the concepts in your own words, cite the sources of information about those concepts, and then discuss the reasons you can apply those ideas to your own behavior change intentions.
  • Discuss challenges you’ve had in attempting to change behaviors in the past. Explain the reasons you think applying work-behavior research can help you successfully change your selected behaviors. (Be sure to cite the research.)
  • Identify your accountability partner. (A pseudonym is fine.) Why did you select that person? What role will they play in helping you to change your behavior? Do you anticipate that concepts from work-behavior theories will play a part in the impact your accountability partner has on your progress toward your goals? Explain.
  • Integrate all of those points to present specific, actionable steps you will take over the next few months to target your behavior. Conclude with an explanation of your anticipated outcome.

Formal Paper Format

Your paper must follow APA guidelines for paper writing. Refer to the Formal Paper Format page for information and resources.

Attach and submit a text document to the correct drop box in the Unit 02 module. Also upload the document to the course section at Turnitin (Links to an external site.).

Note on Turnitin: Please be aware that Turnitin will produce an originality report. See the Academic Integrity section of the Syllabus for information about the potential consequences of plagiarism and other violations of academic integrity.

Part 3: Social Dominance Theory

At the end of this part of the lesson, you will be able to:

  • Explain the behavioral asymmetry between dominant and subordinate groups in terms of social value and motivations.
  • Describe and illustrate the three group-based social hierarchies.
  • Define, illustrate, and differentiate between hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating legitimizing myths.
  • Define and illustrate social dominance orientation.
  • Explain how social dominance orientation interacts with legitimizing myths to produce social and organizational policy.
  • Define, illustrate, and explain the purpose of in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.

Readings and Resources

 

What are some of the implications and ethical issues related to the use of personality assessment in pre-employment evaluations?

/in /by

1) Discussion Topic

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:

What are some of the implications and ethical issues related to the use of personality assessment in pre-employment evaluations?

(2) Assignment Content

Complete the OCD, Trauma, Psychotic, and Personality Disorders and Psychometrics Worksheet.

(3) Assignment Content

Review the case studies in chapters 7 and 8 of The Clinical Assessment Workbook.

Choose one case study to use in completing this assignment.

Complete the College of Social Sciences Master of Science in Counseling Biopsychosocial Assessment DSM-5.

Include a brief conceptualization of the case. Your response should be between 700 and 1,050 words.

Submit your assignment.

Workbook:
Pomeroy, E. (2014). The clinical assessment workbook: Balancing strengths and differential diagnosis (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

During what age range do we see the most dramatic cognitive changes occurring?

/in /by

In 150-250 words, please answer the following questions:

  • During what age range do we see the most dramatic cognitive changes occurring?
  • Choose (and explain how) at least two factors that might exacerbate the cognitive changes above. Examples: Lack of sleep, binge drinking.
  • What can be done to offset some of these cognitive changes (chose one example from your chart and include both preventive and accommodating ideas/tips). Examples: Nutrition and creativity.
  • What was your biggest take-away from this activity? What changes might you make now?

References:

Full APA references belong here

During what age range do we see the most dramatic cognitive changes occurring?

/in /by

In 150-250 words, please answer the following questions:

  • During what age range do we see the most dramatic cognitive changes occurring?
  • Choose (and explain how) at least two factors that might exacerbate the cognitive changes above. Examples: Lack of sleep, binge drinking.
  • What can be done to offset some of these cognitive changes (chose one example from your chart and include both preventive and accommodating ideas/tips). Examples: Nutrition and creativity.
  • What was your biggest take-away from this activity? What changes might you make now?

 

Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others.

/in /by

The full prompt is:
Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others.
or:
Reflect on a time when you questioned or challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your thinking? What was the outcome?

Identify the construct of interest and research question. Provide a detailed description of the construct and explain what search terms you used to locate literature.

/in /by

For this assignment choose one of the following eating disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, or Binge Eating Disorder. Search the literature within the past ten years and discuss the criteria and symptoms of the disorder. Then discuss the genetic/biological and neurological etiology of the disorder. After discussing the possible causes of this disorder, discuss the neurological treatments for this disorder ending with a discussion of the direction of future research and conclusions.

This assignment should contain a minimum of six empirical research studies on the causes and treatments of this disorder. This assignment should be 5 to 6 pages excluding the title page, abstract, and reference section. Scholarly research must be current (research cannot be older than ten years) with a focus on the genetic and biological components of the disorder and treatment.

Writing should at a graduate level with complete, well-developed sentences and paragraphs and written in APA format 7th ed. Students should preview the grading rubric for further direction and information before they begin the writing process. Include the 5 required subheadings below in your paper.

Introduction and criteria
Symptoms
Genetic etiology and neurological causes explained
Neurological treatments explained
Direction of future research and conclusions
Psychological Constructs

After conducting scientific observations about a construct of interest, it is important to have a foundational understanding of existing research of the construct.

For this assignment, you are going to identify a psychological construct you would like to know more about, such as life satisfaction, stress, happiness, optimism, etc. Then, identify a research question- what do you want to know about this construct. For example, a research question might be “does work impact life satisfaction?” This is an important step. It is critical to identify a research question before finding your articles. This question will guide your search.

Based on the research question, you are going to search for scholarly journal articles about your construct of interest. While Google scholar can be helpful, you have access to journal databases via the online library. A commonly used database for finding psychological research is APA PsycArticles. For this assignment, use PsycArticles to search and retrieve research articles to study your construct. This assignment is not meant to be a simple Google search. Your articles should be related to a research question and focused on an area of interest. Here is a link to APA PsycArticles through the APUS Online Library:

If you need help navigating the database, our Online Librarians are always available to help and love to hear from students. Email them using the following link: Library

Selection Criteria for Articles

When selecting articles, be sure to include the following:

One article must be from a peer reviewed journal
One article must contain your construct in the title
One article must be within the date range 1990 to 1999

enlightenedAssignment Format

A. Introduction of Construct and Research Question (250-300 words)

Identify the construct of interest and research question. Provide a detailed description of the construct and explain what search terms you used to locate literature.

B. Article Review (250-300 words, APA citation does not count toward the word count requirement)

For each article, include the following information:

APA formatted citation of the article
Author last name, First and Middle initials. (Year). Article title. Journal title, volume number (issue number), pages.
Example

Smith, P. A. (2018). On finding journal articles: A made up citation. Journal of Made Up Psychology, 100(2), 203-214.

2. Identification of the research question(s) and description of how the authors investigated the construct of interest, including how they measured the focal and related constructs.

3. Description of the key finding(s) of the focal construct.

4. Attachment of the PDF or electronic copy of the article

Be sure to allow enough time to read through the articles. You are not expected to understand all the methods and analyses.

What limitations did the authors state? What are the additional limitations that the authors did not acknowledge?

/in /by

For this assignment, students will summarize a research article and critically reflect on the methods and findings discussed in the research article. This paper is worth 75 points.
For this paper, you will search for a psychology research article of your choosing, on any topic of interest to you within the field of psychology. To access these articles, visit any of the psychology databases (open in new window) (Links to an external site.) and search for a topic of your choosing, such as “ethnicity” and “lifespan development”, or “stress” and “mental health”, or “schizophrenia” and “attachment”. Anything related to the field of psychology that interests you- now is your time to dive into the research and present it for this class in paper form!
This paper should be divided into two parts. The summary of the research article (part one) should include the following information and should be less than half the length of the total paper:
Summarize the author(s)’ hypotheses and purpose for the study.
Describe the sample of participants in the study (number, age, gender, etc).
Describe the measures/materials used and the how the study was conducted.
Describe the results/findings of the study.
The critical reflection section (part two) should answer the following questions:
Do you think the method appropriately tested the research question?
Are the authors’ conclusions supported by the research findings? Are alternative interpretations possible? Were there causal conclusions that were inappropriate?
What assumptions did the author(s) make in designing the study, and were these assumptions appropriate?
Was the sample appropriately diverse? Is the research design appropriately inclusive and/or sensitive to the cultural context?
Comment on the authors’ adherence to the ethical principles for conducting psychological research. Do you think adequate protections for the research participants were in place?
What limitations did the authors state? What are the additional limitations that the authors did not acknowledge?
What future research directions did the authors outline? Discuss additional future research directions that you see.
What are the implications of this study for psychology and/or public policy?
The following general guidelines should be closely followed:
At least 4 pages in length, no more than 7 pages
Adherence to APA style [See links to APA style and formatting; for additional questions or review before submission, meet with someone in the Psychology Resource Center or the Write Site)
12 point font
Double spaced
Times New Roman
Title page with running head
Page numbers in top right corner
References page
Carefully edited for grammar, spelling, and professional tone

Discuss the legal and ethical issues here.

/in /by

Case Study: A physician (Dr. Smith) provided a job recommendation for a former work colleague (Dr. Jones), also a physician – even though he knew the colleague had a significant chemical dependency issue that at times impacted his work performance. The colleague was hired. After a few months of employment several patients of Dr. Jones experienced life threatening complications post surgery.

Discuss the legal and ethical issues here.

Discuss the ways in which each association meets the stated mission, highlighting major initiatives and activities.

/in /by

The purpose of this assignment is to research and report on the professional psychological associations listed with their corresponding websites below to gain an understanding of the mission and benefits of each.
The associations to review include:
American Psychological Association (APA) http://www.apa.org
American Counseling Association (ACA) http://www.counseling.org
American School Counseling Association (ASCA) www.schoolcounselor.org
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) http://www.siop.org
American Psychology and Law Society http://www.ap-ls.org
Provide minimum of a 300 words review of each professional association identified above, using each association’s name as an APA heading, addressing the following:
• Summarize the purpose, function, and mission of each association.
• Discuss the ways in which each association meets the stated mission, highlighting major initiatives and activities.
• Highlight the member benefits and resources available to the public by each association.
• Close your work with a brief statement of your thoughts on the value of professional associations for students, early career, and experienced professionals in psychology.
Submit APA style in-text citations throughout the work as well.
The basic parts of a paper should also be included; these are the opening, introduction section, with a precise thesis statement, the body of the paper with clear, discernable headings formatted to APA style levels of heading where appropriate, and a conclusion that restates the thesis and summarizes the major points of the entire paper.