Write an essay explaining what is science in your simple words.

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What is science

Write an essay explaining what is science in your simple words.

Distinguish between repeatable, quantifiable observations and subjective judgements about the natural world. Differentiate between personally collected data and information from third party sources.

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Peer Review Assignment (Week 7 Discussion)

The peer review assignment addresses the following course outcomes:

  • Distinguish between repeatable, quantifiable observations and subjective judgements about the natural world.
  • Differentiate between personally collected data and information from third party sources.
  • Apply the scientific method to address questions about everyday occurrences in the natural world.
  • Draw conclusions that are based on available data and evidence obtained in an experiment.

The primary objective of the assignment is to provide another opportunity for you to demonstrate what you’ve learned during your Observation Project. You will demonstrate what you learned by providing helpful information to your classmates.

Have you ever wondered how scientific journals decide which papers to publish and which to reject? The editors are certainly not experts in all the subdisciplines covered by a scientific journal. They rely on peer reviews—reviews by experts on the paper’s topic who are peers of the paper’s authors. Typically, a review won’t give just a yes–no evaluation of a paper; it will include many comments about how the paper could be improved before publication. These comments could range from grammatical errors to serious questions about the methodology or conclusions of the paper.

Reviewers look at questions such as these:

  • Is the topic interesting?
  • Is the description of the data collection sufficient for repeatability?
  • Is the data analysis done in a sensible and well-described way?
  • Is the presentation of the data compelling? Does it make a good case?
  • Do the conclusions of the paper logically follow from the data?

In this assignment, you will be the peers of your fellow students and review their papers. You might not be an expert in their topic, but after having come this far on the Observation Project, you should be an expert on how to successfully conduct and construct the stages of the NSCI 120 Observation Project.

 

Peer Review Steps

Step 1

Complete a draft of your final project report (Stage 3) and post it in the Peer Review Discussion no later than the end of Week 6. You get credit for the Peer Review Discussion just by posting your report by the end of Week 6. Do not reply to classmates in the Peer Review Discussion.

Step 2

During Week 7, choose at least two project reports posted in the Peer Review Discussion to review. You may not review your own project. Fill out the Observation Report Peer Review form (available in the Peer Review Discussion and attached in the Peer Review Assignment folder) for each project report and submit at least two reviews to the Peer Review assignment folder. Do not contact the authors of the reports directly. In your peer review, provide constructive and helpful feedback to the author of the project. What could be improved? Remember, the main goal of the Peer Review Assignment is to demonstrate your grasp of the knowledge and skills attained through the process of developing your full, three-staged NSCI 120 Observation Project. Just filling out the grading rubric is insufficient. Be sure to include substantive, helpful comments as well. Your instructor will evaluate your Peer Review submissions based on the helpfulness of your feedback and whether your feedback reflects knowledge and skills you have gained in the course.

Step 3

On the first day of Week 8, your instructor will upload peer reviews for your project to the Peer Review Assignment folder (where you submitted your peer reviews). The instructor will make sure that there is no information about the identity of the reviewers for your project. Use the information in the peer reviews proactively and productively to improve and polish your final project report before you submit it for grading. You are not required to agree with the comments or suggestions made by the reviewers. However, use your best judgement about what you could implement to improve your project. Be sure to submit your final project report on or before the last day of class.

 

Observation Project Peer Review Form [https://umuc365.sharepoint.com/:w:/s/AA-CourseDevelopment-US/EYgSLYrY1OxPuRq_2NzR9XUBYtJcgHlZSRzcjCBM9yqbPg?e=0o8NfB]

 

Write a 1,200-1,500-word essay that describes the characteristics and roles you hope to embody as a counselor and the counselor dispositions that you want to bring with you.

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CNL-515 Counseling Skills

Write a 1,200-1,500-word essay that describes the characteristics and roles you hope to embody as a counselor and the counselor dispositions that you want to bring with you. You may write in the first person for this assignment. Include the following in your paper:

  • Your role as a clinical mental health counselor or school counselor in the agency, school, and/or community you serve. Include strategies for collaborating with behavioral health care professionals. Refer to the importance of certification and licensure related to your role and professional identity.
  • Strategies to develop a counselor identity that fosters leadership, advocacy and provides services as a licensed professional counselor or school counselor for persons with mental health issues.
  • Depending on your program of study, refer to the GCU Professional Dispositions of Learners in the Class Resources or the attached Counselor Dispositions when completing this assignment. Consider your development regarding the dispositions related to your field of study and the ways in which you incorporated them into the counseling relationship. Provide specific evidence of your current progress.
  • Counseling skills you plan to practice for building rapport with clients/students. Include verbal and nonverbal skills.
  • Review how knowledge of theory is important to effective counseling strategies and alignment of these theories with counseling goals.
  • Include a minimum of five scholarly sources.

How would you address Albert’s beliefs? What learning would be needed in each domain? What learning theories would you consider?

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CASE STUDY

Albert Mitchell is a 36-year-old man who will be traveling to Dubai to give a business presentation in 3 months. Although he has traveled widely in the United States as a consultant, this is his first trip to the Middle East. He requests information regarding immunizations needed before his trip. Albert states that as he will be in Dubai for only a few days, he is unlikely to contract a disease in such a short time and therefore believes that it is illogical to obtain immunizations.

Albert states that he has heard that the side effects of the immunizations might be worse than the diseases they prevent. He is also concerned about leaving his wife at home alone because she is 6 months pregnant.

Reflective Questions

How would you address Albert’s beliefs?

What learning would be needed in each domain?

What learning theories would you consider?

How might his family concerns be addressed?

 

Describe an injury. Some learners will use the same injury, such as a fall off of a horse. Describe how the patient experienced both primary and secondary injuries. Be sure to describe symptoms, implications, and testing that helped clinicians to classify the injury into these categories.

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ASIGNMENT

Part 1:

Describe an example of both a primary and secondary spinal cord injury.

Our discussion this week pertains to Spinal Cord Injuries. Primary spinal cord injury involves damage to vertebral or neural tissues from compression, traction, or shearing forces. Secondary spinal cord injury is related to ischemia, excitotoxicity, inflammation, edema, oxidative damage, and activation of necrotic and apoptotic cell death; it begins within minutes after injury and continues for weeks.

Assignment Instructions:

Describe an injury. Some learners will use the same injury, such as a fall off of a horse. Describe how the patient experienced both primary and secondary injuries. Be sure to describe symptoms, implications, and testing that helped clinicians to classify the injury into these categories. Words count 200 – 250

 

Part 2:

For this assignment you will be able to create an infographic or video presentation and upload it here for grading.

Assignment Instructions:

1. Select one of the topics below.

  • Alterations in Cognitive Systems, (Chapter 16, p. 351)
  • Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics, (Chapter 16, p. 367)
  • Alterations in Neuromotor Function (Chapter 16, p. 370)
  • Central Nervous System Disorders (Chapter 17, p. 384)
  • Peripheral Nervous System Disorders (Chapter 17, p. 405)
  • Tumors of the Central Nervous System (Chapter 17, p. 406)
  • Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children (Chapter 18, p. 414)

2. Explore the topic and gather the information needed to teach your fellow learners.

3. Create these items using infographics (Canva.com) or video (Powtoon.com). If you would like to use a different media source, please email your Instructor first for permission.

 

How would you address Albert’s beliefs? What learning would be needed in each domain? What learning theories would you consider? How might his family concerns be addressed?

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CASE STUDY: Albert

Albert Mitchell is a 36-year-old man who will be traveling to Dubai to give a business presentation in 3 months. Although he has traveled widely in the United States as a consultant, this is his first trip to the Middle East.

He requests information regarding immunizations needed before his trip. Albert states that as he will be in Dubai for only a few days, he is unlikely to contract a disease in such a short time and therefore believes that it is illogical to obtain immunizations. Albert states that he has heard that the side effects of the immunizations might be worse than the diseases they prevent. He is also concerned about leaving his wife at home alone because she is 6 months pregnant.

Reflective Questions

  1. How would you address Albert’s beliefs?
  2. What learning would be needed in each domain?
  3. What learning theories would you consider?
  4. How might his family concerns be addressed?

Discuss some of the data that you found interesting and include what you believe the purpose (intent) of sharing these results.

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Discussion Questions

Access the following information. You may read the PDF online or download it.

  1. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Brief summary of results from the 2018 national sample survey of registered nurses.
  • https://bhw.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bureau-health-workforce/data-research/nssrn-summary-report.pdf Links to an external site.
  1. Review the data and describe some of the key attributes/characteristics of this sample of the nursing workforce.
  1. Discuss some of the data that you found interesting and include what you believe the purpose (intent) of sharing these results.
  1. The instruments and tools that we use to collect data need to be reliable and valid. Define these terms and explain the importance of each. Share one way that can be used to collect data that you were not aware of or familiar with.

 

Approximately what percentage of cardiac muscle fibers can produce their own action potentials, i.e., are autorhythmic fibers? (A) 100%, (B) 50%, (C) 10%, (D) 1%, (E) none of the above, no cardiac muscle fibers are autorhythmic.

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Homework #1 – The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

  1. Which of the following is false with regard to a serous membrane? (A) it is always wet, (B) it forms a two layer “sack” around some organs, (C) it includes endothelium, (D) its primary function is reducing friction, (E) none of the above, these are all true.
  1. When the digestive physiologist Pavlov rang a bell, he could get a dog to salivate because he had trained the dog that following the bell, food would be delivered. This action can be described as an example of a(n): (A) extrinsic control of a negative feedback mechanism, (B) extrinsic control of a feedforward mechanism , (C) intrinsic control of a negative feedback mechanism, (D) intrinsic control of a feedforward mechanism, (E) intrinsic control of a positive feedback mechanism.
  1. True or False. The lamina propria is simply the name for the areolar connective tissue found in mucous membranes.
  1. The majority of the heart’s wall is composed of a layer of cardiac muscle called the: (A) pericardium, (B) mesometrium, (C) mesocardium, (D) myocardium, (E) epicardium
  1. Which of the following is false with regard to the internal lining of the heart chambers? (A) it is classified as a mucous membrane, (B) it is most superficially lined with simple squamous epithelial cells, (C) it is known as the endocardium, (D) its most superficial lining is known as the endothelium, (E) none of the above, these are all true with regard to the internal lining of the heart.
  1. True or False. Overall, arteries and veins are differentiated by the fact that arteries carry oxygenated blood whereas veins carry deoxygenated blood.
  1. True or False. Blood ejected from the left ventricle is bound for the lungs.
  2. The bicuspid valve is also known as: (list all that apply) (A) the right atrioventricular valve, (B) the pulmonary valve, (C) a semilunar valve, (D) the mitral valve, (E) the left atrioventricular valve.
  1. The blood pressure in the pulmonary trunk is _?_ that in the aorta. (A) less than, (B) more than, (C) the same as, (D) highly variable and can’t be compared to
  1.  True or False. The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle should be the same as the volume ejected by the right ventricle.
  1. The chordae tendineae: (A) form the structural supports for the interventricular septum, (B) help keep the ventricles from collapsing, (C) are attached to papillary muscles, (D) conduct electrical impulses to the ventricles, (E) keeps the electrical impulses of the atria separate from that of the ventricles.
  2. If the aortic valve in the heart was damaged, such that it failed to close properly: (A) blood would accumulate in the left ventricle, (B) there would be a back flow of blood into the right ventricle, (C) the blood pressure of the aorta would be increased, (D) blood pressure would increase in the lungs, (E) the right side of the heart would enlarge.
  3. The action potential of contractile cardiac muscle fibers lasts approximately as long as: (A) an autorhythmic cardiac muscle fiber’s action potential, (B) a contractile cardiac muscle fiber contraction, (C) a neuron’s action potential, (D) all of the above, (E) none of the above.
  1. Approximately what percentage of cardiac muscle fibers can produce their own action potentials, i.e., are autorhythmic fibers? (A) 100%, (B) 50%, (C) 10%, (D) 1%, (E) none of the above, no cardiac muscle fibers are autorhythmic.
  1. Starting from a point within the right brachial (arm) vein, a red blood cell will travel through the following vessels and chambers, in what order? (not all components are listed) (A) left atrium, (B) superior vena cava, (C) right ventricle, (D) pulmonary vein, (E) aorta
  1. The sinoatrial node, without external stimuli, will fire at a rate of approximately _?_ beats per minute. (A) 120, (B) 100, (C) 60-80, (D) 40, (E) 0, there is no beating without external stimuli
  1.  Place the following electrical conducting tissues of the heart in the correct order. (A) atrioventricular node, (B) Purkinje fibers, (C) bundle branches, (D) bundle of His, (E) sinoatrial node.
  1. True or False. The valve between the inferior and superior venae cavae and the atrium closes during atrial contraction.
  1. In a normal functioning heart the atria contract _?_ the ventricles contract. (A) at a faster rate than, (B) at a slower rate than, (C) at the same frequency as, (D) at the same time as, (E) C & D
  2. With regard to the heart sounds, the “lub” (1st sound) is produced by the ______, and the “dup” (2nd sound) is produced by the _______.
  1. Label the deviations on the ECG below and place the following labels (the letters) at their appropriate locations along the ECG (show whether the following “items” are at a pt. or over a range). (A) dup (2nd heart sound), (B) passive ventricular filling, (C) isovolumetric (ventricular) contraction, (D) the opening of semilunar valves, (E) the closing of atrioventricular valves
  2. If scar tissue blocks the electrical conduction between the sinoatrial node and in synchrony with the atria, (C) contract less frequently than the atria, (D) will not contract.
  1. Which of the following is not true of cardiac muscle? (A) the cells have 1 or 2 nuclei, (B) the cells are connected by intercalated discs, (C) it is striated, (D) the cells are interconnected by many gap junctions, (E) all of the above are true of cardiac muscle
  1. The hole connecting the right and left atria in utero (during fetal development) is called the: (A) atrial foramen, (B) papillary foramen, (C) foramen pulmonar, (D) foramen ovale, (E) anus foramis
  1. What are the two equations for determining stroke volume? (hint, see next question)
  2. What equation have we learned for determining cardiac output?
  3. What is the stroke volume of a patient with an end systolic volume of 70 mL and an end diastolic volume of 142 mL? include units. (show your equation below)
  1. What is the average stroke volume of a patient with a cardiac output of 4.9 L/min and a heart rate of 70 beats/min? include units. (show your equation below)
  1. What is the cardiac output of a patient with a stroke volume of 75 mL and a heart rate of 85 beats/min? include units. (show your equation below)
  1. According to the Frank-Starling law, when the heart receives a greater blood volume: (A) it will pump weakly to continue to produce the original stroke volume, (B) it will pump at the original strength to increase stroke volume, (C) it will increase the strength of the pump and increase stroke volume, (D) none of the above, the heart can not suddenly receive a greater blood volume.
  1. True or False. High systemic levels of epinephrine lead to a large increase in cardiac output by speeding up the heart rate and increasing stroke volume by improving myocardial contractility and by enlarging the end diastolic volume through higher venous return.
  1. Insert typical, healthy approximate values for the following characteristics (assume ~150 lb, 25 y.o.) include units.

Stroke Volumerest _______________ COrest _______________ COmax ________________

Heart Raterest ______________ HRmax ________________ Blood Volume ______________

 

What is EM’s diagnosis? What is the underlying pathophysiology of EM’s condition? What is the best therapeutic approach to the treatment of EM’s condition?

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Patient With Fatigue

EM is a 74-year-old male with a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who presents in the clinic with a complaint of fatigue. EM is ambulatory with a walker and recently has had intermittent flare-ups of his rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity, with increasing pain and swelling in his affected joints. His energy has been declining over the past few months, so he thought it was a good time to come in for follow-up laboratory testing and reassessment of his medications. Most troublesome, he has fainted twice in the past 2 weeks, which resulted in falls onto his carpeted floor. He is afraid to go out into public and even more afraid to drive his car. He has also had some chest pains with exertion. He is eating and sleeping okay, although he does sleep better if his head is elevated on a few extra pillows. He lives alone and gets meals delivered by a local organization.

Past Medical History

  • RA for 35 years, affecting hands, feet, knees, hips, and cervical spine
  • Systolic hypertension
  • Presbycusis

Medications

  • Ibuprofen, 600 mg three to four times per day as needed
  • Methotrexate, 7.5 mg weekly
  • Atenolol, 25 mg daily
  • Hydrocodone/acetaminophen, 5 mg/500 mg every 6 hours as needed for pain

Physical Examination

  • Height: 71 inches; weight: 160 lbs.; BMI: 22.3; blood pressure: 162/60; pulse: 84; respiration rate: 16; temperature: 98.6 °F
  • Well-developed, well-nourished elderly male in no distress; pale
  • Lungs: bibasilar rales
  • Heart: regular rate and rhythm, grade 3/6 systolic murmur, audible S3; positive carotid bruit on the left
  • Abdomen: no masses, nontender
  • Rectal: prostate 3+ enlarged, hemoccult negative brown stool
  • Extremities: marked ulnar deviation of MCP and IP joints in both hands

Labs and Imaging

  • Hemoglobin: 8.9 g/dL
  • Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 80 fL
  • White blood cell count: 10.7 × 109/L
  • Platelets: 250,000/L
  • Reticulocyte count: 0.8%
  • Ferritin: 415 mcg/L
  • Electrocardiogram: no acute findings; some evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy

Discussion Questions

  • 1.What is EM’s diagnosis?
  • 2.What is the underlying pathophysiology of EM’s condition?
  • 3.What is the best therapeutic approach to the treatment of EM’s condition?

 

 

Explain the limitations of common sense when it comes to achieving a detailed and accurate understanding of human behavior. Give several examples of common sense or folk psychology that are incorrect.

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Science and Common Sense

  1. Explain the limitations of common sense when it comes to achieving a detailed and accurate understanding of human behavior.
  2. Give several examples of common sense or folk psychology that are incorrect.
  3. Define skepticism and its role in scientific psychology