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What is an APA In-Text Citation?

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What is an APA In-Text Citation?

An in-text citation is a citation within your writing that shows where you found your information, facts, quotes, and research. All APA in-text citations require the same basic information:

  • Author’s last name (no first names or initials)
  • Year of publication (or “n.d.” if there is “no date”:(LastName, n.d., p.#))
  • Page or paragraph number (for direct quotations only)

To see how to format MLA in-text citations or Chicago Style citations, see these guides.

How do I format an APA In-Text Citation?

There are two main ways to format an in-text citation.

 

  1. Put all the citation information at the end of the sentence:
  2. Include some of the citation information as part of the sentence:

Each source cited in-text must also be listed in your References list.

However, there are two exceptions to this rule:

  • Personal communications (e.g., interviews, emails, or classroom discussion posts)
    • Example of in-text citation: (M.A. Jones, personal communication, October, 29, 2018)
  • Classic religious texts (e.g., Bible or the Koran).
    • Example of in-text citation: (Corinthians 13:1, Revised Standard Version)

These types of sources should be cited by in-text citations only.

Citing Quotes

If you are quoting from a work, you will need to include the author’s last name, year of publication, and the page number (p.#) or paragraph number (para.#). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

For example:

According to Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated” (p. 27).

As mentioned by Carr (2008), “As we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence” (para. 34).

If the author is not mentioned as part of the sentence, place the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page or paragraph number in parentheses after the quotation.

For example:

“The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).

“As we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence” (Carr, 2008, para. 34).

Citing Paraphrases or Summaries

If you are paraphrasing or summarizing information from a source, you only have to cite the author’s last name and year of publication in your in-text citation.  However, APA guidelines strongly encourage you to also provide the page number or paragraph number as well, even though it is not required.

For example:

Some educational theorists suggest that schooling and a focus on teaching literacy divided society into educated and uneducated classes (Cook-Gumperz, 1986).

Some argue that relying too much on the Internet for information might hinder our mental capacities and our ability to read books and other long pieces (Carr, 2008).

Citing eBooks

When quoting an eBook like your Constellation textbook, your in-text citation needs to include the author’s last name, year, section number, and the paragraph number the quote is found in on the eBook page. It should look like this: (Author, Year, Section #.#, para. #).

For example:

“Adult development focuses on the scientific study of changes in behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that occur throughout adulthood” (Mossler, 2013, Section 1.1, para. 1).

Citing Web Pages

A web page is cited the same way as any other source, including the author and date. If you are using a quote, you will also need to include the page number. If there are no page numbers, include the paragraph number instead. You do not need to include the page or paragraph number when paraphrasing or summarizing.

When citing a web page, determine if the author is a person or an organization. Next, cite the year of publication, if known. If quoting, list the page number(s), if any. If no page numbers are listed, cite the paragraph number of the information that you use from the web page.

Author is an Individual

…(Dunn, 2016, para. 10).

If you can’t find an individual author, but you can find an organization or group that is responsible for the content of a web page, then cite that group, organization, corporation, university, government agency, or association as the author.


Author is an Organization/Company/University/Agency

…(United States Coast Guard, 2018, para. 6).

No Author

If your web page does not include any author, include the article title within quotation marks (“”). If there is no clear article title, include the web page title within quotation marks (“”). If the title is very long, just use the first few words:

…(“Policies and Procedures for Patrol,” 2018, p. 3).

No Date

You can often find the publication date of a web page at the top or bottom of the page. If no date is available, use n.d. (for no date).

…(Thompson, n.d., para. 12).
Citing Video or Audio Sources

When quoting a media source such as a video or audio recording that lacks page numbers but includes timestamps, the citation should include the speaker (or screen name), the year of the recording, and the time that indicates when the quote begins in the recording:

“In 1972 there were 300,000 people in jails and prisons; today, there are 2.3 million”(Stevenson, 2016, 05:52).

Citing No Author

If your text does not include an author, include the web page or article title within quotation marks (” “):

A collapse of the main ramp into the San Jose mine leaves 33 miners trapped 2,300 feet underground for two months (“All 33 Chile Miners,” 2010).

If you are citing a book or eBook with no author, include the book title in italics:

Andragogy is the method and practice of teaching adult learners (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 2005).

When a group or an organization creates a work, that organization, corporation, university, government agency, or association can be treated as the author. In this case, include the full name of the group as the author:

(Ashford University, 2017, p. 4)

Citing Multiple Authors

2 Authors

When your source has 2 authors, use an ampersand (&) for your end-of-sentence citation, but use “and” when the last names are a part of your sentence:

…(Jones & Fraenza, 2017, p. 3).

In their article, Jones and Fraenza (2017) stated that… (p. 3).

3-5 Authors

The first time you cite 3-5 authors use an ampersand (&):

…(Edwards, Howard, & Sharpe, 2016, para. 1).

If you are using the authors’ last names as part of the sentence, use an “and” between the last two names:

Edwards, Howard, and  Sharpe (2006) argued that…

All other times you cite this source, only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”:

…(Edwards et al., 2006, para. 1).

Edwards et al. (2006) discussed that…

6+ Authors

When you have 6 or more authors, include only the last name of the first author listed, followed by “et al.”:

…(Lekkerkerk et al., 2014, para. 2).

Lekkerkerk et al. (2014) discussed that…

Citing Secondary or Indirect Sources

The APA defines a secondary source (aka an indirect source) as a source that cites or quotes another source.

For example, if you read an article by Brown (2017) and that author quotes the earlier work of Smith (2010), Brown is the secondary or indirect source (because it was written later) and Smith is considered the direct or original source (because it was written first).

To cite a source you found in another source, state the original author within your sentence and state “as cited in” followed by the last name and year of the secondary source. For example:

According to Smith (as cited in Brown, 2017) students need faculty and staff support to succeed.

More Examples:

The writer wants to discuss Lee’s study who was cited in Brown’s (2014) article:

Coffee helps students stay awake to study (Lee, as cited in Brown, 2014).

The writer wishes to use a quote from Parker who was also quoted on page 5 within an article by Miles (2013):

Parker (as cited in Miles, 2013) stated that “drinking coffee black is healthier” (p. 5).

 

How easy is it to identify cost per hire as a strategic measure?

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Ulrich (2001; explains that the Balance Score Card enables institutions to do two important things;

– Manage HR as a strategic Asset and

– demonstrate HR’s contribution to any financial success.

A well thought out score card has four major themes;

i) The High performance work system. This means designing and implementing a validated competency model which is linked to every element of the HR system which is linked to the every employees performance appraisal.

ii) The extent to which that system is aligned to the firms strategy. Selection into these positions must correspond to the existing competency model and should be quality hire.

iii) The key HR deliverables that will leverage the HR role. High talent and stable staffing – these must have unique competencies combined with cutting edge technical knowledge whereas the organisation must obtain an optimal staffing levels. One contributes to revenue growth whereas the other influences productivity growth.

iv) The efficiency of how those deliverables will be generated and measured. How easy is it to identify cost per hire as a strategic measure? The scoreboard and the system should highlight the links between cost and benefits.

The use of these themes help reflect on the cost control and value creation. Cost control is measured through how efficient the HR system is and Value Creation through the deliverable.

How far do you agree with this assessment of the role of HRM?

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Valerie Hughes-D’Aeth, Group HR Director at BBC, argues:
‘We are here in HR as an integral part of the BBC, providing support and
services to enable the contributions of our people to be maximised. No matter
what the business, for HR to function with integrity and impact, you have to
have strong operational foundations in place and an HR team willing to fully
commit to the organisation and to working together’ (Hughes-D’Aeth, 2019).
How far do you agree with this assessment of the role of HRM?
In answering this question, which should take the form of a properly structured short
essay, you should:
• provide evidence of engagement with relevant sources, concepts and
knowledge base acquired during the first part of the module – including your
reading and understanding of the nature of strategic HRM;
• discuss the key characteristics of the role of HRM emerging from her view
(e.g. relation between strategy and HRM; approach in managing employees)
• rely on illustrative examples and quotes from the full interview with Valerie
Hughes-D’Aeth (https://www.thehrdirector.com/hr-interviews/valerie-hughes

What impact does palmitate have on the candidate gene and how does it influence the genes responsiveness to insulin?

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Application of bioinformatics to the analysis of a candidate gene for insulin resistance in skeletal muscle                                       

An experiment was set up to analyse and compare the expression of genes in skeletal muscle of obese individuals, showing a high level of circulating fatty acids and insulin resistance, with a control group. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from participants within each group and total RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA. The cDNA from each group was labelled with different fluorophores and a microarray was conducted to allow the comparison of global gene expression within the two groups. The following candidate gene was identified as being differentially expressed between the two groups; therefore, further laboratory analysis was conducted to further investigate the regulation of this gene in vitro.

Promoter deletion analysis

An experiment was conducted in C2C12 murine muscle cells to assess the direct impact of palmitate +/- insulin on the promoter activity for this particular candidate gene.

A series of 5’ promoter deletions were generated from the sequence analysed above using restriction enzymes, all of the sequences contained the first 22 nucleotides of the transcribed gene and variable lengths of promoter sequence (see figure 1 below). The promoter DNA was inserted into a vector containing the reporter gene luciferase.

Candidate gene 5’ genomic DNA

 

-459
+22
-92
-253
+22
Luciferase
-459
Luciferase
-92
Luciferase
-253

 

Figure 1: Promoter deletion constructs of the candidate gene

 

Experiments were conducted to look at the impact of both palmitate (saturated fatty acid) and insulin on the promoter activity of the candidate gene. The overall aim of the experiment was to assess the impact of these factors individually and to determine if palmitate influenced the insulin responsiveness of this gene.

The constructs were individually transfected into C2C12 cells and were subjected to different experimental conditions. Cells were seeded into a 96-well plate, where some wells remained as controls and others were subjected to treatment with palmitate (0.6mM) for a 24-hour period. Selected wells were then stimulated with insulin (100nM) for 15 minutes before fluorescence was detected in all wells. Presence of the luciferase protein (detected by fluorescence) indicates that the DNA construct has promoter activity. A positive control was included in the experiment, which has strong promoter activity, alongside a negative control which is known not to initiate transcription; these were treated the same as control unstimulated cells. Fluorescence data for each sample was normalised to the positive control, which was set at 100% and is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Promoter activity of the 5’ deletion constructs under different treatment conditions. Positive and negative control represent strong and weak promoters respectively and were not included in the statistical analysis. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences (P<0.05)

  1. a) Using the information that you gathered from the bioinformatics analysis of the core promoter and proximal promoter elements, what is your interpretation of the 5’ promoter deletion analysis in control cells +/- insulin stimulation? (20 marks) – 700words
  2. b) Outline the step by step changes in the insulin signalling pathway that would lead to an alteration in expression of this particular gene.(10 marks) – 400 words
  3. c) What impact does palmitate have on the candidate gene and how does it influence the genes responsiveness to insulin? (5 marks) – 300words
  4. d) What experiment would you conduct to confirm that it is transcription factors binding to the particular elements identified that are responsible for changes in promoter activity? (5 marks) – 300 words
  5. e) Investigators would like to continue to look at the function of the protein product produced by this candidate gene, as a potential drug target. Briefly outline an experiment you could conduct in C2C12 cells to investigate the functionality of the protein (Hint: You will want to overexpress your protein within cells and look at particular downstream targets). (10 marks) – 500words
  6. Background information on obesity and insulin resistance its link to type 2 diabetes, considering the role of saturated fatty acids (circulating fatty acid levels) in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Consider cell signalling mechanisms (the insulin signalling pathway) in muscle and the use of AKT as a marker of insulin signalling pathway. Introduction to the Western Blotting technique for the analysis of phosphorylated proteins within cell signalling pathways, particularly AKT.4: Aim and objectives of lab (600words)

Identify the primary functions of a database and a data warehouse. Explain why enterprises need both of these data management technologies.

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Use the course textbook AND outside primary sources to obtain data that support your answers. Follow the guidelines in the Module Review Questions Requirements section, including using current APA style and pasting the questions in bold before each answer.

Questions

  1. Companies create business records of many types and store the electronic files using an electronic records management (ERM) system. Explain why an ERM is a senior management issue and not simply an IT issue?
  2. Describe each of the four V’s of data analytics: variety, volume, velocity, and veracity.
  3. Identify the primary functions of a database and a data warehouse. Explain why enterprises need both of these data management technologies.

Questions

Companies create business records of many types and store the electronic files using an electronic records management (ERM) system. Explain why an ERM is a senior management issue and not simply an IT issue?

Describe each of the four V’s of data analytics: variety, volume, velocity, and veracity.

Identify the primary functions of a database and a data warehouse. Explain why enterprises need both of these data management technologies.

References (New page and no bold font)

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Journal or Website Title. Volume Number (if applicable). Retrieved from http://..

Discuss how you intend to construct the items, cognizant of the basic principles of item pool construction, the necessity of SMEs, the unidimensionality or multidimensional of the construct, etc.

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Instructions
For this task, complete the readings for this assignment, and then write a paper in which you complete the following:

Write an introduction that examines the construct, its conceptual definition/s, and related concepts.
Review the literature and the existing tools that measure the construct.
Provide justification for your original scale.
Discuss how you intend to construct the items, cognizant of the basic principles of item pool construction, the necessity of SMEs, the unidimensionality or multidimensional of the construct, etc.
Write at least 20 sample items that represent the construct you are planning to measure. You may construct negatively-worded items, but indicate these in a chart or table. If the construct you choose has two or more dimensions under it, write sample items indicating which items fall under which dimension. (See for example, the Life Position Scale that contained four dimensions I’m OK etc. at first, but after factor analysis the dimensions reduced to two—I and You.)
Argue for a specific method of running an item analysis procedure.
Argue for at least two specific methods of establishing your scale’s validity (Choose at least one method for construct validity, and another method for criterion-related validity. In criterion validation, it is not enough to simply write that you are planning to employ the method. Be sure to specify the variable(s) you will correlate your scale with.

Self esteem is the construct that you would develop a scale in this task. I would want you to do a research on this construct. There are many scales already available measuring self esteem. How will your scale be different from the existing ones? Also what are the new directions in self esteem research? Also think about the reliability methods that you can use for the test you will construct in this task.
Scale Construction Proposal
Your proposal is similar to a research proposal that expresses intent to perform a scientific investigation. However, unlike a research proposal that first establishes the existence of a gap in the knowledge and proceeds to argue for a relationship between or among variables, the scale construction proposal is just a scaled-down manuscript that discusses your intention to construct a psychological scale.
Nevertheless, it should contain an introduction that discusses the construct of interest and a review of the existing tools created to measure it. It should also be ideal to explain why you intend to construct an original scale that measures your chosen construct or why the existing tools do not satisfy the purpose of your dissertation. What follows this should include specific methods that you will employ to construct the items, to weed out bad items and retain good ones, to establish item reliability and consistency, and a proposal to establish the scale’s validity. In establishing validity, you must be specific in the methods that you will employ and the variables that you will correlate with your chosen construct. Also, be specific in the variables that you expect to correlate highly with your construct and those that should yield weak correlations with it (as what you will expect in a Multi-trait, Multi-method matrix, page 287 in Kline).

Your assignment should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.

Compare and contrast the articles by examining the main claims (most important pieces of evidence) and determine which article makes the strongest argument on a common theme and why.

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Follow instructions including the attached instructions.

You will write a 4+ full page analysis essay that exams the arguments, main claims and themes of the following articles: “The Allegory of the Cave” and “New Superstitions for Old.” The essay should be entirely your opinion and should accomplish one of the following:

Compare and contrast the articles by examining the main claims (most important pieces of evidence) and determine which article makes the strongest argument on a common theme and why. This must be a thorough look at the main claims/evidence. Each body paragraph should contain at least one main claim or piece of evidence from each article for analysis.
Construct your own argument on the shared theme of these articles. Your essay should put your own twist on the importance of abandoning old traditions or leaving your own personal (or community) cave in order to grow as a human being. Your argument should be supported by what you believe to be the strongest, most illuminating claims (pieces of evidence) from each article.
Your essay should follow the paragraph-by-paragraph guidelines provided below. How well you accomplish the tasks below will determine your grade.

What type of local, state planning would you focus on to protect your city from an unconventional attack on the public transit system?

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DHS was established shortly after 9/11. It brings together 22 different agencies to protect the United States “to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards.

Imagine you were placed in charge of the disaster planning office for a major U.S. city (e.g., Chicago, Atlanta). What type of local, state planning would you focus on to protect your city from an unconventional attack on the public transit system?
Suppose an ISIS cell attacks a hospital (e.g., Walter Reed at Bethesda or A Veteran’s Administration hospital or St Jude’s Children’s Hospital). What federal resources would be available to prevent, respond, and recover?

In 500-750 words, describe the components necessary to create an effective professional identity and explain why professional networks are essential for professional development.

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In 500-750 words, describe the components necessary to create an effective professional identity and explain why professional networks are essential for professional development.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to the beginning of the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

Research, outline, discuss, and evaluate the best practices for collective bargaining strategies; Research, outline, discuss, and evaluate the arguments against and for collective bargaining.

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You are the president of the Local Union 312 Chapter. As the president of the union, you are the chief spokesperson and representative of the Local Union 312 to management. Next month, you will start the collective bargaining process with management to get your union members greater wages and benefits and better and safer working conditions. Write a 3–5-page research paper using APA style outlining the collective bargaining process, including the following:

Define and discuss what collective bargaining is.
Research, outline, and discuss all of the steps of the collective bargaining process.
Research, outline, discuss, and evaluate the best practices for collective bargaining strategies.
Research, outline, discuss, and evaluate the arguments against and for collective bargaining.
Use correct APA style, grammar, sentences, and punctuation.
Support your research paper with at least 4 different scholarly sources, such as research journals, research studies, and government or accredited educational institutions’ Web sites.