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Write a one page paper on the ranges of intellectual disabilities; mild, moderate, severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Explain the intellectual functioning in each range of intellectual disabilities.

Intellectual disabilities

Write a one page paper on the ranges of intellectual disabilities; mild, moderate, severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Explain the intellectual functioning in each range of intellectual disabilities.

Calculate the contribution margin for each product based on your sales price and the variable cost for that product. Show your work using calculations to the side of the table or using appropriate formulas in the table.

4-2 Milestone Two: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Use information from Milestone One and the provided Milestone Two Market Research Data Appendix Word Document to conduct a cost-volume profit analysis. Complete the “Contribution Margin Analysis” and “Break-Even Analysis” tabs in the Project Workbook Spreadsheet that you used for completing the Milestone One assignment.

Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:

Contribution Margin. Determine your contribution margin per unit in the “Contribution Margin Analysis” tab.
Choose a sales price for each product.
Calculate the contribution margin for each product based on your sales price and the variable cost for that product. Show your work using calculations to the side of the table or using appropriate formulas in the table.
Break-Even Analysis. Use cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis to determine your break-even points for achieving your target profits in the “Break-Even Analysis” tab.
Determine the break-even points for each product. Show your work using calculations to the side of the table or using appropriate formulas in the table.
Determine break-even units for the suggested target profits for each product. Show your work using calculations to the side of the table or using appropriate formulas in the table.

Guidelines for Submission
Submit the Project Workbook with the “Contribution Margin Analysis” and “Break-Even Analysis” tabs completed. This file should be completed and submitted using Microsoft Excel.

Write a Thesis Statement that establishes emphatic order for the essay by introducing both subjects and clearly illustrates a preference for the second subject after introducing both authors and essays in the introduction.

English Question

Use only those two authors/websites:

Topic: Student Athlete Compensation.

  1. Write a Thesis Statement that establishes emphatic order for the essay by introducing both subjects and clearly illustrates a preference for the second subject after introducing both authors and essays in the introduction.
  2. Offer clear, fully-developed body paragraphs and topic sentences, making sure that the reader can see the similarities/differences and the rationale for offering such information—why compare/contrast these two subjects?
  3. Ensure that the points are the same for both subjects and that they, too, follow emphatic order.
  4. Choose either subject or point order and stay with it.
  5. Ensure that all borrowed material, quotes and summaries, from the source essays is parenthetically cited to avoid plagiarism.
  6. Offer bibliographic citations for both essays in the Works Cited at the end of the paper.
  7. Make use of transitions so that the reader does not become confused as to which subject you are discussing at any given point, and the analysis moves smoothly between subjects and points.

Once you have watched the video, respond to the idea that support services and training are more beneficial to refugees than a one-time or limited handout or support. What do you think – would the benefits outweigh the costs? Is this reasonable for local organizations and/or governments to offer? Is is feasible?

Discussion Board #3: Refugee supports

Watch the following video, Refugees want empowerment, not handoutsLinks to an external site., A TED Talk by Robert Hakiza. Mr. Hakiza is a refugee from Congo who is now an urban refugee researcher and co-founder of the Young African Refugees for Integral Development (YARID). The video is brief (approximately 6 minutes, 30 seconds in length).

Once you have watched the video, respond to the idea that support services and training are more beneficial to refugees than a one-time or limited handout or support. What do you think – would the benefits outweigh the costs? Is this reasonable for local organizations and/or governments to offer? Is is feasible? etc.

Students’ posts are graded based on the quality of their analysis. Students should feel free to share their thoughts and opinions, but, as always, in a respectful manner. These discussions are intended to get you thinking about topics related to our course content and sharpen your critical thinking skills. Additionally, practice engaging with others in civil discussion regardless if you agree or disagree with their analysis. This is an important skill regardless of what career/life path you choose. Discussion of ideas is necessary and healthy for all of us.

GRADING: Your original post should be at least one paragraph (5 sentences or more) in length to be eligible for full credit. Once you make your own post, you are required to reply/respond to the follow-up post by the instructor [since class size is small] that will be available after the original post due date. Your response must be at least 2-3 sentences in length to receive full credit.

Write a reply to the student below

 

Student Name: Meshal Almutairi

  1. Public agencies are government-funded organizations, such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Veterans Affairs (VA). These organizations provide essential resources and services to their respective populations. The USDA, for example, administers nutrition assistance programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), which provides benefits to eligible individuals and families to purchase food. The VA provides veterans with services such as health care, disability compensation, education and training, and employment services.Family Health Clinic: Family Health Clinics (FHC) are nonprofit organizations that specialize in providing quality healthcare services to those in need. FHCs are dedicated to providing medical, dental, vision, and mental health services to those who cannot afford it. FHCs are unique in that they offer services like preventative care, health education, and access to specialists, all at no cost. Furthermore, FHCs focus on providing a holistic approach to health care, as they ensure that their patients have access to food, housing, and employment services. 501 non-profit organizations are nonprofit organizations that are exempt from taxation under section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code. This means that donations made to these organizations are not subject to federal income taxes. Some of the most well-known 501 include The Salvation Army and Nuestra Clinica Familiar, both of which provide social services such as counseling and drug and alcohol addiction treatment.

 

 

Analyze Manning’s behavior by applying two of the major ethical perspectives, utilitarianism, and deontology, we conclude that his actions were not ethical.

Business Law Question

Response-1 Mariano Gonzalez posted Feb 24, 2023 4:36 PM

Robert Manning and Global Shippers Inc. engaged in several unethical and potentially illegal actions to secure and maintain the exclusive contract with Neristan. These actions include:

  1. Paying a bribe: The prime minister of Neristan requested a payment of $100,000 to be wired to his personal account in exchange for securing the contract for Global Shippers Inc. Manning did not directly agree to the payment but instead offered a luxurious trip to New York City. While Manning did not technically pay the bribe, his actions can be interpreted as an attempt to circumvent bribery laws.
  2. Providing gifts and entertainment: Manning paid for an expensive dinner and wine for the prime minister, flew him first-class to New York, provided all expenses paid luxurious accommodations, and showed him around the city. These gifts and entertainment were likely intended to influence the prime minister’s decision in awarding the contract to Global Shippers Inc.
  3. Offering a bribe to customs officials: Manning paid $100 each to customs officials to expedite the shipment of goods from Neristan. This action is also considered bribery and is illegal.
  4. Failing to report illegal activity: Manning failed to report the potential illegal activity to his superiors at Colossal Corporation until after the prime minister of Neristan was arrested for embezzling government funds. Manning’s delayed reporting could be seen as an attempt to cover up his own involvement in the unethical and potentially illegal actions.

Given the gravity of these actions, it is unlikely that Colossal Corporation would defend Manning’s actions as legal or ethical. Instead, they may conduct an internal investigation and potentially report their findings to relevant law enforcement agencies. Additionally, Manning and Global Shippers Inc. could face legal and financial consequences for their actions, including fines and even imprisonment for violating bribery and corruption laws.

Manning’s actions raise concerns under both the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the UK Bribery Act, as well as ethical considerations in light of differing cultural norms.

  1. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)

The FCPA prohibits bribing foreign officials in order to obtain or retain business. The act applies to companies and individuals with ties to the United States, which includes Global Shippers Inc. Manning’s actions could be seen as a violation of the FCPA in several ways:

a) Offering a bribe: The prime minister’s request for a payment of $100,000 in exchange for awarding the contract to Global Shippers Inc. constituted a bribe. Manning’s response did not immediately reject the offer and instead suggested an all-expenses-paid trip to New York, which could be seen as an attempt to circumvent the FCPA.

b) Improper payments: Manning paid for the prime minister’s dinner and wine, as well as his expenses for the New York and Los Angeles trips, out of his corporate accounts. While such payments are not inherently illegal, they could be seen as improper payments if they were made to influence the awarding of the contract.

c) Bribery of customs officials: Manning’s actions in slipping the customs officials $100 each to expedite the shipment could also be seen as a violation of the FCPA, as this constituted a bribe to foreign officials to obtain business advantage.

In summary, Manning’s actions could be seen as a violation of the FCPA, which could result in significant penalties, including fines and imprisonment for both the company and individuals involved.

  1. The UK Bribery Act

The UK Bribery Act is similar to the FCPA, and it criminalizes the act of bribing a foreign official in order to obtain or retain business. Manning’s actions could also be seen as a violation of the UK Bribery Act in several ways:

a) Offering a bribe: Manning’s response to the prime minister’s request for a payment of $100,000 could be seen as an attempt to circumvent the UK Bribery Act by offering a trip to New York instead of a direct payment.

b) Improper payments: Similarly, Manning’s payment for the prime minister’s dinner and wine, as well as his expenses for the New York and Los Angeles trips, could be seen as an attempt to influence the awarding of the contract.

c) Bribery of customs officials: Manning’s actions in slipping the customs officials $100 each to expedite the shipment could be seen as a violation of the UK Bribery Act.

In summary, Manning’s actions could be seen as a violation of the UK Bribery Act, which could also result in significant penalties, including fines and imprisonment for both the company and individuals involved.

  1. Ethical considerations

Manning’s actions also raise ethical concerns, particularly in light of differing cultural norms. While the prime minister’s request for a payment may be seen as customary in Neristan, it does not justify engaging in bribery or other unethical behavior. As a representative of Global Shippers Inc., Manning had a duty to act with integrity and in compliance with local laws and regulations. Manning’s actions in paying for the prime minister’s dinner, wine, and travel expenses, as well as slipping bribes to customs officials, could be seen as unethical and damaging to the reputation of Global Shippers Inc.

In conclusion, Manning’s actions could be seen as a violation of both the FCPA and the UK Bribery Act, as well as ethical considerations, and could result in significant penalties for both the company and individuals involved. Companies and individuals operating internationally must be aware of the legal and ethical implications of their actions and act with integrity and compliance with local laws and regulations

Response 2-Monika Rettenmayer posted Feb 23, 2023 7:16 PM

Manning’s actions can be broken down as follows:
-Participated in lavish $3,500 dinner and wine with a government official, paid for with his corporate card. During dinner he received a bribery offer which he declined. Instead, he extended an invitation for travel to discuss business, promising a stay in high value accommodations and extended trip amenities, not related to business. Dinner took place in Neristan.
-Flew the government official first class to New York, where business was discussed for 1 day. They then traveled around the city, attended a Broadway show and enjoyed fine dining. Trip lasted a few more days, then first class to Los Angeles to enjoy the town for more days before finally meeting with the board, where it was announced that the contract was awarded to Global Shippers. The government official continued his all expenses paid trip for two more weeks.
-Manning paid $100 each to customs officials to expedite clearance of the first shipment. Customs still needed to complete their inspection but after these payments, the shipment went out the next day (“Global Shippers, Inc.”, 2023).

Were Manning’s actions legal under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and what are the possible penalties for violating the act?
Manning actions were not legal under FCPA. They included an offer of something of value to the prime minister, who in his official capacity can determine contract award, and the intent was to secure the award of new business. The invitation is directly extended as an alternative to the payment request (clearly a bribe). The FCPA prohibits providing or promising to provide anything of value to a foreign official to obtain/retain business or secure an improper advantage. The FCPA does allow for gift giving, within reason, but in this case the travel and entertainment are extravagant and can be seen as bribes and not gifts (“Gifts, Travel, Entertainment, and Other Things of Value”, 2023).
Although the FCPA bribery provision allows facilitation payments, they only apply when they are made to expedite routine government actions, commonly performed by a foreign official. The focus is not on the size of payment but on its purpose. By making small payments to the customs officials, Manning was asking them to ignore their process and expedite the shipment, without completing their regular check for contraband. This does not meet the parameters of an exception and constitutes bribery. Under FCPA, these actions can carry the following penalties:
-Criminal: Up to $250K per violation and up to 5 yrs. in prison for individuals. For companies the penalties include up to $2M per violation.
-Civil: Up to $16K per violation for individuals and companies.
Additional potential fines could be enforced under the Alternative Fines Act. These fines can be up to two times the amount of any benefit obtained through a bribe (“Foreign Corrupt Practices Act”, 2023).

Were Manning’s actions legal under the UK Bribery Act and what are the possible penalties for violating the act?
Manning’s actions were also not legal under the UK Bribery Act. Overall, the FCPA and the UK Bribery Act focus on the same goal of preventing global corruption, and they both extend bribery laws beyond borders. The Bribery Act does include stricter and more comprehensive provisions, including not allowing bribery to or from private persons and public officials. In addition, companies can be held liable for failing to prevent bribes by anyone in their employment, and facilitation payments of any kind are not allowed.

The only payments that would constitute an exception would be fast track or admin fees. Manning’s payments to the customs officials do not qualify as allowable under these rules. The potential civil and criminal penalties would be up to 10 yrs.in prison for an individual, and no cap on fines (“Global Bribery”, 2023).

Were Manning’s actions ethical, particularly in light of differing cultural norms?
If we analyze Manning’s behavior by applying two of the major ethical perspectives, utilitarianism, and deontology, we conclude that his actions were not ethical. Utilitarianism focuses on the results of an action, and whether they benefit the greater good (“Major Ethical Perspectives”, 2023). To say that the results of Manning’s actions benefited himself and the company, and therefore the greater good is a mistake. Overall, the greater good for society would include actions that do not promote unfair competition or support corrupt practices. The contracts will benefit local business and the country of Neristan, but that would have been the result of anyone winning the business and not exclusive to Global Shipper’s award.

Deontology states that to be ethical, an action must be universal, and for that to be true, the decision would need to be evaluated in terms of reversibility and consistency. If Manning had to be on the other side of this case as a competitor, losing out on a business contract due to bribery would not pass the test. Consistency is not as simple to apply, as culturally his actions were expected as part of a way of doing business in Neristan, and possibly the only way to win a contract.

There are other options that Global Shippers and Manning could have adopted to comply with the cultural norms. Gift giving and invitations to travel to the US facilities are not out of scope. Had there been a set limit for these gifts and invitations, and assuming Global Shippers has a mission and corporate values that they expect employees to follow- Manning could have navigated these cultural differences, while still staying within the law and behaving ethically. Finally, it is important to note that these suggested actions may have decreased their chances of winning the business but could have also protected them from both legal and social consequences.

References

University of Maryland Global Campus (2023). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Document posted in UMGC MBA 630 9045 online classroom, archived at https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated…

University of Maryland Global Campus (2023). Gifts, Travel, Entertainment, and Other Things of Value. Document posted in UMGC MBA 630 9045 online classroom, archived at https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated…

University of Maryland Global Campus (2023). Global Bribery. Document posted in UMGC MBA 630 9045 online classroom, archived at https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated…

University of Maryland Global Campus (2023). Global Shippers Inc. Document posted in UMGC MBA 630 9045 online classroom, archived at https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/umuc/tgs/mba/m…

University of Maryland Global Campus (2023). Major Ethical Perspectives. Document posted in UMGC MBA 630 9045 online classroom, archived at https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated/mba/2218-mba630/learning- resourcelist1/major-ethical-perspectives.html?ou=722307

In a page or so, describe the judicial system in Pennsylvania. Name each level of court and it’s main purpose (types of cases it hears). For the Pennsylvania Supreme court list out the justices names and briefly describe their education and experience.

Criminal Justice Question

In a page or so, describe the judicial system in Pennsylvania. Name each level of court and it’s main purpose (types of cases it hears). For the Pennsylvania Supreme court list out the justices names and briefly describe their education and experience.

Describe polypharmacy and the elderly population What is the primary goal for the treatment of this patient? How would you teach the patient about the Beers list and Halcion?

Hip Fracture- peers response

The patient is a 71-year-old widowed man who is seen regularly in the clinic for health maintenance and follow-up of his chronic insomnia and anxiety. He has regular prescriptions for triazolam (Halcion) and clonazepam (Klonopin) for these problems. Recently he has been reporting frequent episodes of losing his balance and falling, and eight weeks ago was hospitalized for a hip fracture sustained during one of these falls resulting in hip surgery. On this visit, he also complains of becoming increasingly confused.

  • Describe polypharmacy and the elderly population
  • What is the primary goal for the treatment of this patient?
  • How would you teach the patient about the Beers list and Halcion?
  • Discuss a medication in detail that could be safely substituted to treat insomnia in geriatric patients.

On what policy issues might nurses lobby Congress? What strategies might nurse use to have their voices heard?

Week 8 Discussion Question

On what policy issues might nurses lobby Congress? What strategies might nurse use to have their voices heard?

The discussion must address the topic.

Rationale must be provided

400 words

Minimum of two scholarly references in APA format within the last five years published

Evaluate the trends in total current assets as a percent (%) of total assets, total current liabilities as a percent (%) of total assets, long-term debt as percent (%) of total assets, and total shareholders’ equity as a percent (%) of total assets over the past 3 years.

Financial Statement Analysis

For this assignment, address the following seven parts in a Word document:

Part 1: Overview of the company (one paragraph)

  • State the name of the company.
  • Provide a brief overview of the company you selected, including a description of its business operations.
  • State the current market price per share.

Part 2: Income statements (one to two paragraphs)

  • Summarize key trends in revenues, operating income, and net income over the last 3 years.

Part 3: Common size income statements (one paragraph)

  • Evaluate the trends in gross margin, operating income margin, and net profit margin over the past 3 years.

Part 4: Balance sheets (one to two paragraphs)

  • Summarize key trends in total assets, total current assets, total current liabilities, long-term debt, and total shareholders’ equity over the past 3 years.

Part 5: Common size balance sheets (one paragraph)

  • Evaluate the trends in total current assets as a percent (%) of total assets, total current liabilities as a percent (%) of total assets, long-term debt as percent (%) of total assets, and total shareholders’ equity as a percent (%) of total assets over the past 3 years.

Part 6: Cash flow (one paragraph)

  • Calculate simple cash flow for the past 3 years.
    • Show your calculations.
  • Summarize the trend in simple cash flow for the past 3 years.
  • Compare the simple cash flow to the net operating cash flow from the statement of cash flows for the past 3 years.

Part 7: Financial analysis conclusion: (one paragraph)

  • Determine the strengths and weaknesses of the company based primarily on the trends in items discussed from the income statements, balance sheets, common size income statements, and common size balance sheets, as well as the comments on cash flow.
  • Create a table that indicates whether each financial fact is a strength or a weakness.
  • Determine the overall financial strength of the company based on the financial facts included as strengths or weaknesses.
    • Categorize the overall financial performance of the company as strong, neutral, or weak.
    • Justify your conclusion based on the table you created.
    • The Section 1: Financial Statement Analysis
      Must be two to three double-spaced pages in length including any tables or calculations (but not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA Formatting for Microsoft Word.Must include a separate title page with the following:
    • Title of paper in bold font
    • Space should be between title and the rest of the information on the title page.
    • Student’s name
    • Name of institution (The University of Arizona Global Campus)
    • Course name and number
    • Instructor’s name
    • Due date
    • Must utilize academic voice.
    • Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center.
    • Must cite where the financial statement information comes from (i.e., Mergent)

After reading the example essays, choose the critique for this reading response. Discuss what you believe are the strengths and weaknesses of your selected essay.

Writing Question

Write a minimum of 750 words.

Provide a clear introduction and thesis statement.

First, and most importantly, please read the example student essays available to you i. Do not move forward with this assignment until you have completed this step. After reading the example essays, choose the critique for this reading response. Your essay should discuss what you believe are the strengths and weaknesses of your selected essay. Plan to ignore any major spacing issues present and focus on the argument itself.

Consider what the author did well and what they could have improved. In addition, you are welcome to discuss how reviewing this example provides you with ideas on either what to do or what not to do in your own essay. Since student names are removed in these examples, you will not be able to provide appropriate credit in the body of your work through citations. You can, however, offer a general introduction to the source, like: “As the author of example essay one notes…” If you find looking at sample work helpful, you can make that known in this response. Please try to develop reasons why reviewing sample work can be useful for your own writing. This type of reflection is also an important part of our process the essay is here

We Truly Are What We Eat

There are many opinions when it comes to the food we consume. There are levels to how food is processed and categories that separate what most deem acceptable and unacceptable. Researchers have delicately tested certain additives and processes to help determine what should regularly be consumed and what should be avoided. Psychologists have explored the effect on children and how it differs from adults consuming the same products. The research presented compares the levels of processing from the last 20 years and the way food processing is trending for the future. This paper will prove the negative effects of the processes and preservatives used in food today and how they affect the consumer’s health. While researching, it became apparent that many factors have gone into the current state of consumer health. The processes by which many foods are made were started to better the consumer but have quickly gotten out of hand. In an article from Harvard’s School of Public Health, it is stated that food used to be processed to add to the nutritional value before making its way to the consumer (“Processed Foods and Health”). However, in recent years many harmful additives have made their way into highly processed foods which have been shown to cause health problems and diseases related to the overconsumption of these products. In addition to these additives, the socioeconomic status of the consumer has contributed to the unhealthful state of consumers. Not only are adults experiencing shorter life spans, but new research is showing how children are being heavily affected by these additives as well. Initially, the refining process was meant to add back to the product what had to be removed to prepare the product to be presented to the consumer. In “Processed Foods and Health”, this is discussed, stating foods were “fortified with iron and vitamin B to prevent anemia, vitamin D to prevent rickets, wheat flour fortified with folic acid to prevent birth defects, and iodine added to salt to prevent goiter”. Other processeslike pasteurization were completed to prevent the spread of bad bacteria. In more recent years, other more harmful additives have made their way into consumer goods. Preservatives were added to allow the product to keep longer, and refined sugars were added to make the taste more appealing. What started out protecting the consumer soon turned into a marketing tactic to entrap the consumer into buying more of the products that are harmful. In 2009 a classification system was introduced to categorize the processing levels that are done on foods before they are presented to the consumer. The NOVA(which is not an acronym, but a name) classification system usesfour categories to display the varying degrees of food processes: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and highly or ultra-processed foods (“Processed Foods and Health”). NOVA has set the categories in a broad manner, so some items are hard to classify into a specific level due to having some additives but having few alterations to the overall process. Minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients are processed only by milling, grinding, refrigerating, fermenting, etc., to prepare the product for consumption. However, processed and highly or ultra-processed foods are where the real issue lies. They are typically the go-to products for many American families. The latter two categories are the processed foodsthat need little to no preparation with preservatives added to give a longer shelf life. What once was a refining process has become a way to cripple the consumer by adding preservatives and flavors that create an addictive property as well as a convenience that many do not bother to address. American families are typically busy and will go to the store to get items that are quick and require minimal effort to prepare. Children are inadvertently targeted by the bulk of these additives being placed in foods such as snacks and cereals. The foods that are highly processed have added chemicals to make them look more appealing, and preservatives to keep them fresh longer (McCarthy). In addition to preservatives and chemicals, artificial colors are added to make food look more enticing, which have been linked to increased symptoms for disorders such as ADHD (McCarthy). Children are still developing, so consuming these products in large quantities at a young age sets them up for many health issues as they get older. Children also tend to be less mindful of portion control, resulting in the consumption of a more significant amount of these foods allowing these chemicals to do more irreparable damage to their bodies and minds (McCarthy). With the number of added chemicalsreaching double and triple what they previously were, children are at a higher risk now than they ever have before. The use of coloring and flavorings that are being added deliberately to entice children to consume these products has raised concerns among researchers and pediatricians alike. In addition to the chemicals added to the food that is being consumed, the packaging that these items come in has also raised concern, namely the plastic covering and the cardboard boxes with both containing additional toxins and chemicals. The disease being recorded in highest numbers in pediatrics is thyroid-related diseases. Most of the toxins and chemicals added are known to interfere with thyroid function. This can disrupt early brain development leaving children to develop life-altering health conditions. In recent years, more researchers have become concerned with the link between chronic disease and death with the food that people are consuming. Many researchers look specifically at the American or Western diet as a source for the American people’s rising health conditions and mental health conditions. Regular consumption of these highly or ultra-processed foods has been directly linked with heart disease, stroke, some cancers, and many mental health disorders which are all occurring in younger people than they have in the last decade. Data collected shows that “America is 71% overweight or obese—not 66% which was reported five years ago” (Fuhrman). There has been a steady increase in overweight Americans due to what Fuhrman describes as “food deserts.” Food deserts are areas where Americans do not have accessto fresh produce or live in low-income areas, causing unhealthy foods to be the less expensive option. It is partially due to these socio-economic conditions that these Americans are subjected to double the risk of heart attack and diabetes before the age of 45 (Fuhrman). Along with heart disease and stroke, diabetes is higher now than it has ever been in America. The rise in diabetesin the US has been linked to the overconsumption of ultra-processed foods. In the last five years, the likelihood for developing diabetes due to lifestyle choices went up 15% when the diets caloric intake consists of 22% of highly or ultra-processed foods. “The connection held up even after scientists accounted for known risk factors for diabetes, such as weight and physical activities” (“Processed Foods and Health”). In addition to diabetes becoming more common other comorbidities are on the rise. The foods that people consume are highly processed, but the drinks are as well. Many Americans prefer the sugary and processed drink optionsrather than the healthier option leading to other organs having depleted nutrients. Fuhrman illustrates this in his article, stating that it typically starts with dehydration, leading to slowed kidney function as well as restricted gastrointestinal movements. Selhub agrees with this, stating that along with slowed intestinal movements, the intestines become overwhelmed with “bad” bacteria, which prevents nutrients from being absorbed and causes inflammation and a host of other issues. The “bad” bacteria also prevent the “good” bacteria from sending neurotransmitters to release serotonin which affects sleep and appetite, mediates mood, and inhibits pain. “Since about 95% of your serotonin is produced in your gastrointestinal tract, it makes sense that the inner workings of your digestive system don’t just help you digest food, but also guides your emotions” (Selhub). Selhub comparesfood to engine fuelstating, “like an expensive car, your brain functions best when it gets only premium fuel.” Both Selhub and Fuhrman discuss how the body breaks down highly processed foods and how it affects brain activity. By consuming these foods regularly, brain function is lower due to the harmful substances that have made their way to the brain. Not only do many experience fatigue and brain fog, but it can even lead to mental disorders such as depression. “Multiple studies have found a correlation between a high diet in refined sugars and impaired brain function—and even a worsening of symptoms of mood disorders” (Selhub). When the brain is deprived of vital nutrients and instead hasfree radicals and inflammatory cells circulating its space, further damage and injury can be expected. Researchers suggest Americans follow a more “traditional” diet rather than the Western diet due to the “traditional” diet having a 25% to 35% lower risk of depression (Selhub). A more traditional diet includes more itemsfrom the minimally processed category of NOVA, meaning the food is without the refined sugars and are unprocessed. Therefore, it is more likely to contain probiotics, which promotes gut health. Fuhrman believes it is dire to cut out candy, soda, chips, etc., due to a link to lowered brain activity in those that regularly consume these highly processed foods and drinks. Additionally, Fuhrman suggests a lower caloric intake for a healthier life, preventing further damage caused by refined sugars and preservatives. “Over 55% of the standard American diet’s calories are processed foods, and about 33% of calories come from animal products” (Fuhrman). Based on the standards of the “traditional” diet more nuts, beans, vegetables, and whole grains should be consumed in order to retain a balance that allows the body time to fully digest meals and prevent an insulin spike which happens when consumers regularly take in refined sugars. With the decision to limit the highly or ultra-processed foods in the consumer diet, the likelihood of developing these illnesses are drastically decreased. A regulated diet consisting of nutrient-rich foods and whole foods allows the body to gradually digest and absorb the essential nourishment needed to keep the body energized and functioning correctly. Though manufacturers can add synthetic vitamins and minerals to certain processed foods, these foods should not be substituted for whole foods and vegetables that naturally contain these healthful compounds. Vegetables, whole foods, and nuts all provide components such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory effects, and anticarcinogenic effects, dramatically improving the health of the consumer. While researchers have provided the data suggesting minimally processed foods be the staple in consumer diets, it is not alwaysrealistic for the consumer. Assuggested, certain groups of consumers have accessto and the meansto follow a more “traditional” diet assuggested. However, the group of consumers who are in “food deserts,” are unable to make the changes necessary to avoid early heart disease and other chronic illnesses. The World Health Organization and Food and Drug Administration should be better regulating the number of chemicals, additives, flavors, and preservatives added to products that are meant for the consumer. At this time, over 1000 different chemicals have been cleared by the FDA to be added to highly or ultra-processed foods in America, many of which are prohibited in other countries due to their harmful nature. If the consumer were to limit the consumption of these foods, then overall health would increase. However, more and more foods are being altered before making it to the grocery store shelf preventing the consumer from having a better option. Low-income families may not have accessto better options, nor can they afford better options at times. The World Health Organization started making posters in the 90s to illustrate how many fruits, vegetables, and grains consumers should have at every meal. Providing thisinformation is only half of the responsibility in providing better food options for future consumers. Children are the target for much of the highly processed foods, which is evident in the data, which shows the rise of childhood obesity at 13.4% among 2– 5-year-olds, 20.3% among 6–11-year-olds, and 21.2% among 12–19-year-olds, according to the CDC. Through all the research provided, it is glaringly apparent that the American diet needsto change. There are many viewsto investigate which allow the consumer to fully see the effects of regularly consuming highly or ultra-processed foods. Researchers and psychologists alike have studied the effects on the body and mind due to this lifestyle choice. Between the illnesses and mental health disorders that can arise from the additives in processed foods, the data is clear that consuming these foodsin large quantitiesis unsustainable. The initial processto prepare food for the consumer is not as harmful as the growing changes that are made now to add chemicals, flavors, and preservatives to otherwise suitable foods.