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What percentage of insomnia could be reduced in the population by eliminating energy drink consumption?

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Wk8

Study design and validity of causal effect

Differences between controlled and quasi-experimental experiments

Clinical vs. Community trials

Blinding and crossover

Ethical aspects of conducting clinical trials

Measures of effect-calculation and interpretation

Statistical measures of effect

 

Instructions:

Answer the following Epidemiology questions below. If calculations are involved, be sure to show your work for full credit.

  1. (1 point) List one strength and one weakness of the experimental study design.

Answer:

 

  1. (1 point) Explain the difference between experimental and quasi-experimental study designs.

Answer:

 

  1. (1 point) Researchers want to study the impact of implementing an education program on the benefits of consuming more fresh fruits and vegetables among adults working for large employers in Green Giant City (population 3,000,000 persons).  There are eight large businesses in the city that employ a total of 100,000 employees, four of which receive the intervention.   Describe one method you could use to evaluate the outcome of this quasi-experimental study.

Answer:

Questions 4-7 (4 points)  In the next four questions, identify the study design in each of the following scenarios.  (Note: these questions draw from information presented in Chapters 6, 7 and 8.  They are presented in multiple choice format in Canvas.)

  1. Researchers compare the effectiveness of two treatments for hypertension by randomly assigning patients with hypertension to receive the standard treatment or a newly-developed treatment for hypertension.
  2. Researchers want to study the impact of implementing a lunch-hour walking program on average Body Mass Index (BMI) measurements among adults working in Pedestrian City (population 2,000,000 persons). There are eight large businesses in the city that employ 5,000 or more employees.  Employees the businesses get an extra 30 minutes added to their lunch hour 3 days a week to walk, run or engage in some other type of aerobic exercise activity.  No intervention is implemented in the other four businesses.
  3. Phase III trial of a new vaccine developed to prevent Hepatitis C infection.
  4. Researchers wanted to determine if an educational intervention would improve rates of Hepatitis B vaccination in new-born babies in the United States. A study population of two similar urban communities were assigned one of two types of educational information about the benefits of vaccinating babies against Hepatitis B, starting at birth: 1) in one community, expectant mothers received information from their primary health care provider during a prenatal visit; 2) in the other community received additional, more comprehensive information about the benefits of their baby being vaccinated at a free “lunch-and-learn”-style training were held, targeting expectant mothers and their families (presented by health education specialists).

Chapter 9

  1. (4 points) [Note: check out Question 10 in the textbook for hints.]

A cohort study was conducted to investigate the possible association between energy drink consumption and insomnia in a population-based sample of adults.

 

                                                                                     Insomnia          
Energy Drink Consumption   Yes No Total
Yes 200 1,800 2,000
No 100 9,900 10,000

 

Using the data in the table above, calculate the following:

  1. What is the Relative Risk of insomnia associated with energy drink consumption?

Answer:

 

  1. What is the risk (rate) difference?

Answer:

  1. What proportion of the rate of insomnia in the exposed group is due to energy drink consumption? (etiologic fraction)

Answer:

  1. What percentage of insomnia could be reduced in the population by eliminating energy drink consumption?

Answer:

  1. (6 points) [Note: check out Questions 3-8 in the textbook for hints. Use 10,000 as the denominator for each of the calculations.]

The rate of Awful Disease per 10,000 population is 500 among persons with Risk Factor A (exposed), and 56 among persons without Risk Factor A (non-exposed).  The rate of Unpleasant Disease per 10,000 is 350 among persons with Risk Factor A (exposed) and 295 among persons without Risk Factor A (non-exposed).  The prevalence of Risk Factor A in the population is 30%.  Based on this information, answer the following six questions:

 

  1. What is the Relative Risk of having Awful Disease for persons with and without Risk Factor A?

Answer:

  1. What is the Relative Risk of having Unpleasant Disease for persons with and without Risk Factor A?

Answer:

  1. What is the etiologic fraction of Awful Disease for persons due to Risk Factor A? Answer:
  2. What is the etiologic fraction of Unpleasant Disease due to Risk Factor A?

Answer:

 

  1. What is the population etiologic fraction of Awful Disease due to Risk Factor A? Answer:
  2. What is the population etiologic fraction of Unpleasant Disease due to Risk Factor A? Answer:
  3. (1 point)  Based on your calculations in Question 9, Risk Factor A seems more likely to be causally related to Awful Disease or Unpleasant Disease? Why?

Answer:

  1. (1 point)   The confidence interval for the Relative Risk of contracting Awful Disease if exposed to Risk Factor A is (2.1, 11.7).  Does it support the hypothesis that the association between Risk Factor A and Awful Disease statistically significant? Why or why not?

Answer:

 

  1. (1 point) Does sample size have an effect on the ability to detect differences between an intervention and a control group?

Answer:

 

Is the method of sampling clearly pre­sented? Could the way the sample was obtained influence the results?

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Questions for the article analysis

(Explain or defend your answers using the appropriate relevant chapter knowledge)

  1. Is the general purpose of the study clear? Will the study provide a significant contribution?
  2. Is the specific research hypothesis or question clearly and concisely stated?
  3. Is the method of sampling clearly pre­sented? Could the way the sample was obtained influence the results?
  4. Is there anything in the procedures for collecting the information, or in the instru­ments themselves, that could bias the re­sults or weaken the study?
  5. Do the conclusions and interpretations follow logically from the results presented? Are unwarranted causal conclusions made from correlations or comparisons? Are lim­itations indicated?

How does the quality of child and adolescent experiences affect a person’s psychosocial well-being later in life?

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  1. How does the quality of child and adolescent experiences affect a person’s psychosocial well-being later in life?

https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html#initiative

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/teachereducationx92x1/chapter/eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development/

  1. Evaluate the current way (s) of educating a) child and b) adolescent. Are there any changes you would like to propose? Support your answer.
    (I am an English teacher in Thailand teaching students age 12-16/17)
  • Strict rules but reasonable
  • More tolerant to students
  • More patient with students
  • Less homework, because it works the other way around (they won’t do it at home, just before or during the lesson)
  • Less (physical) punishment. When giving a punishment it should be a useful one.
  • More rewardings
  • Use of different techniques per class / age
  • Use of different approach per class / age
  • Make lessons more fun and enjoyable
  • Students should look forward to English lessons
  • Accept consequences if not following rules (cancel the ‘always pass’ policy)
  • Changes should come from two ways (Student-Teacher / Teacher-Student)
  • More youth related subjects (nowadays trends)
  • Students should more participate with own interests (subject request to teachers for next lessons)

Additional instructions:

  1. Use APA format
  2. Use Times New Roman, size 12, double-spaced.
  3. Use 10 academic papers and/or other interesting references to support your answer for each question.
  4. Write at least 500 words for each question. (2 pages each)

What resources do teachers use to support verbal and non-verbal interaction between the child and adult?

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The discussion (APPROX 1700 WORDS):
Brief intro to setting of research. (My setting is: Key stage 1 primary school classroom. My sample will include: 2 classroom teachers and 3 teacher assistants. CHECK METHODOLOGY)
How did you organize, sort and analyze the data? (CHECK METHODOLOGY)
Introduction to your findings.
Discuss your finding in light of existing literature and theory you have explored in your literature review (CHECK LITERATURE REVIEW).
Relate your findings to your research questions.
This section is concerned with the analysis of the data you collected and needs to answer the research questions. Consider using a thematic approach to structure the analysis – themes might be drawn from the literature review and/or research questions. Think about presenting your findings in different ways, but ensure that the link with your research paradigm is consistent.
•How did you sort, choose and make sense of your data?
•To what extent does the data support and/or contradict the literature on the topic?

My research questions:
1.How do teachers promote child-adult relationships in the classroom?
2.How do teachers implement their own pedagogy when supporting verbal and non-verbal interaction in children’s learning?
3.What resources do teachers use to support verbal and non-verbal interaction between the child and adult?
4.What do teachers regard as high quality verbal and non-verbal interactions with children’s learning in the classroom?

USE WEAVING AS A STRATEGY IN WRITING THE FINDINGS FOR EXAMPLE;
DURING THE INTERVIEW THE TEACHER EXPRESSED HER OPINION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF….

THEN GIVE A QUOTE FROM THE TRANSCRIPT.

THEN GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A THEORY (LOOK AT LITERATURE REVIEW OR USE A RELEVANT THEORY TO BACK IT UP) FOR EXAMPLE VYGOTKSY, PIAGET, BRUNER ETC.

THEN BACK THE THEORY UP WITH LITERATURE FOR EXAMPLE; RESEARCH DONE BY….FOUND THAT SCAFFOLDING CAN PROVIDE…. ETC.

REMINDER:

I HAVE NOT YET INCLUDED THIS IN MY METHODOLOGY SO IT IS A REMINDER THAT I HAVE USED CODING FOR MY DATA EXAMPLE (T1, T2) CODING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TO FIND COMMON THEMES AND CONCEPTS IS PART OF THEMATIC ANALYSIS.

REMEMBER:

Consider what was not said as well as what was said.
Identify useful quotes from participants.
Contradictions.
Specificity of responses- give more weight to those based on experience.
Not just words, but actions and behaviours.
Provide triangulation/crystallization
Make comparisons with literature review.
Remember that whatever you write it should be answering. the research questions (written above).

Likely to be a mix of past and present tense. For example, past tense to refer to data, present tense to develop a line of argument in relation to the data, present tense when using literature to discuss findings. Generally third person. In qualitative research, tentative language should be used e.g. ‘this suggests’, ‘perhaps’, ‘possible’, ‘appeared to’, ‘seemed to’.

CONCLUSIONS (APPROX 300 WORDS)
• Summary of research
• Key findings, key points from your discussion/argument
• What is the contribution of your research?
• What would you change/do differently?

THINKING POINTS:
•What tentative conclusions can be drawn (if any) from the findings and analysis?
•How valid are the research evidence and findings?
•Do the findings/conclusions develop, challenge or extend existing knowledge in the academic field?
•What were the limitations (if any) of your research? What worked well and what did not?
•In hindsight, what (if anything) would now be done differently?

How does family Structure shape personality & Behavior? Relationship between Race, Ethnicity and Health &   well being in UK & America.

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 luBNU-Inquiry Based Learning

Project Report Plan (CW1)

Guideline

CW1 Learning Outcomes Tasks Breakdown of project report:
1

 

 

 

 

 

 

(100%)

 

 

 

 LO1: Collect, select and use information from a range of sources using different methods, appropriate to the academic discipline and context.

 

 

 

LO2: Investigate the needs, problems and opportunities of a given situation.

 

LO3: Plan and Undertake a project to address a subject-related problem or answer a subject-related question.

  

Inquiry-Based Project on a topic related to your ‘SUBJECT AREA’ & produce:

 

A. Project Report

B. Reflection

 

Conducting & Reporting on a piece of Academic or Professional-Related Research.

 

Write in:

·         Third person

·         Passive voice

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Choose one of the following Essay Titles

In Groups of 3/4:

 

 

  1. What is ‘Race’ & what is ‘Ethnicity’? What significance do these concepts have in contemporary societies?

 

 

  1. Discuss the extent to which we live in a Globalized World

 

 

 

 

 

  1. ‘Social Theory helps us to Make Sense of Society’. Discuss:

 

 

 

  1. Explain and Discuss Social Factors that affect family life in the UK today.
 (1500 Words)

1. Title page (Report Title, Your Name, ID, Date, & Module title/code

2. Acknowledgments

3. Contents Page– (Section Headings and page numbers)

4. Abstract (Summary)- (Overview of report).

5. Introduction (Purpose of report, why you writing report? Aims & Objectives.  Brief details of methods/ procedures used investigation)

*Decide on Headings & Subheadings

Ask yourself ….What is Report about? Why am I writing?

Outline of report structure, I.e. “The report will look firstly at x then y”… (Keep this section brief about one paragraph).

6.Main body/Findings:  Methods–Results (Figures/Tables/Charts)

5. Discussion: Problems–Strengths–Comparisons

7. Conclusion –Summarize & Evaluate your findings

 

B. REFLECTION (500 Words)

    Reflect on your work ABOVE …How you found it? Challenges, Behavior and Experience etc.

8. References (Use the Harvard Referencing)

  1A– Social History of Race in UK & America

  1B-  Relationship between Ethnicity & Race and its impact on crime and social class in UK & America

  1C- Relationship between Race, Ethnicity and Health &   well being in UK & America.

2A- How does Globalization affect the financing of the UK’s health system?

 2B– How does Globalization affect the Human Resource personnel of the UK’s health system?

 2C- How does Globalization affect the technology of the UK’s health system?

Using Sociological Imagination, discuss Crime & Punishment through any one of the following 3 Sociologists.

3A– Emile Durkheim;

3B– Max Weber;

3C– Erving Goffman

4A– Do Social & Global Factors influence family life, how?

4B– How does family Structure shape personality & Behavior?

4C– What is the impact of family Breakdown on Well being?
LO4: Communicate effectively, with well-structured verbal and written reports, as demanded in academic and professional domains.  

 

5.     “The UK’s ageing population is responsible for unsustainable costs in Health & Social care.” Discuss

 

 

6. Health Inequalities are a major concern in the UK.

.

 5A- The UK population is aging rapidly – discuss.

5B–  The cost of the UK’s ageing population is unsustainable – discuss.

5C–  The impact of the UK’s aging population on society is positive – discuss.

6A- What health inequalities exist in the UK?

6B- Discuss Child Health Inequalities in the UK?

6C– Discuss Gender Health Inequalities in the UK?

 

 

What specific assessment and nursing care is required particularly focusing on the complex nature of the assessment and care.

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Write a 3000 word assignment which critically examines the wider context of care management for a patient with complex circumstances.Examine selected key pathological and/or psychological processes and critically debate these in relation to complex care.
• Justify and critically evaluate nursing assessment and care strategies for individuals with a range of complex circumstances.
• Analyze the clinical course of specific conditions and justify the nursing interventions required to meet the holistic needs of individuals with complex needs.
• Evaluate clinical decision making that informs care and service delivery for individuals and communities in a multi-agency arena.
Confidentiality
Any information that might identify a peer, client/patient, and mentor/trainer workplace or organization must be omitted from the assignment. Failure to do so constitutes a breach of confidentiality. Focus on one person to critically examine their complex circumstance/s.
• Consider the underlying clinical condition and why this may be complex for this patient – is it a rare or specialist condition, is it the interaction with other circumstances that may include pathophysiological, clinical, social, psychological ethical, professional, legal, Health policy.
• You need to support your points with rationales explaining your reasoningAnalyse the clinical course of specific condition/s and justify the nursing interventions required to meet the needs of an individual with complex needs.
Assignment Guidelines:• What specific assessment and nursing care is required particularly focusing on the complex nature of the assessment and care.
• Is the prognosis or progress of the clinical condition something that will affect how care is delivered?
• You need to remember it is nursing assessment and care – not medical. It may be that liaison with other professionals is required or that a team approach is required for care delivery Consider the wider context of care management for a patient with complex circumstances• Are specific resources or funding required that make care complex – what factors influence how care is managed.
• Are families or carers involved that necessitate consideration in delivery of care?Question how nurses would lead clinical decision making in the context of multi-agency arena, caring for a patient with complex circumstance’s• What is the nurses’ role in caring for your patient, what specific nursing decisions need to be made and how does this factor into the overall care provided for your patient.

Compare and contrast the two form of contract: NEC4 ECC contracts and JCT SBC/Q 16 based on the following subheading.

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Assignment Question.
Based on the LSBU Board of Management report on one of the university’s project, the Board has chosen to proceed with the construction of a Teaching Facility in London Road. In addition, following discussions with various contractors, the Board is unsure as to the form of contract to be use. The Board is considering using the NEC4 ECC but this is by no means certain yet.
One of our London University rivals recently expanded their facility, and there were various issues regarding payments and disputes that disrupted their expansion. We are determined not to experience the same issues.
The Board has asked you to write a report to guide them through these issues, covering:
• Compare and contrast the two form of contract: NEC4 ECC contracts and JCT SBC/Q 16 based on the following subheading.

o Cost Management – Payments procedure and valuation/interim payment process.
o Time Management – Possession and programme of work.
o Quality Management – Workmanship, Defect, Tests and Inspection.
o Claims/Compensation Events – Claims procedure and assessments.

This should be a professional report, well presented, fully referenced and clearly structured, not limited to the above but must encompass everything related to the subject area. The report should be no more than 2500 words in length,

Do both sides of the relationship now hold a strong sense of loyalty towards the other company?

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Information for my dissertation critical literature review

2800 words

  • Offer a critical account of the current state of knowledge
  • Include a conceptual framework (towards the end of the section)

Provide an account of the importance of Relationship Marketing in developing the partnership between (a large multi-national organization (ALLIANZ) and a start-up technology company (Flock Cover).

Link to Flock cover website: https://flockcover.com/

Link to Allianz website: https://www.agcs.allianz.com/

 

I am conducting my dissertation on the way that the relationship was built between Allianz and Flock in developing a very specific new brand of Drone insurance.

I have decided to look into the Drone insurance market and specifically the marketing communications and relationship that AGCS has developed with Flock; how this partnership was looked at prior to being agreed to benefit both companies as well as post agreement how the collaboration has developed as well.

To complete this critical literature review I need to provide an extensive and appropriate selection of a wide range of resources.

Showing excellent and imaginative conceptual frameworks throughout.

Literature must be critically and thoroughly objectively and authoritatively.

These are the three themes that I looked at when conducting my interviews and focus group, and these elements must be focused on throughout this literature review

First Theme – How was the relationship developed between Allianz and Flock?

  • Difficult to build the relationship?
  • Did both companies hold similar shared values when going into the relationship?
  • Were there a lot of compromises required form either company in order to develop this partnership?
  • Expensive?
  • Was there ever a point where either company thought about backing out?
  • Finding target market?
  • How long did it take to organize the relationship?
  • Who approached who?
  • Was it only Allianz who Flock targeted for this partnership?
  • How was the relationship built?
  • Co co-ordinated events?
  • Face to face meetings?
  • Emails?
  • Over the phone?
  • How has the relationship been continually secured over time?
  • Do both sides of the relationship now hold a strong sense of loyalty towards the other company?
  • How much contact is there between both companies on a day to day basis? If not, daily how often is this relationship reinforced?

Second Theme – From each company’s perspective why was the partnership worthwhile?

  • How do both companies ensure that it remains profitable for both sides at the same time?
  • Was this seen as a highly innovative step in getting ahead of the rest of the market?
  • Was that a key point for both companies in initially developing the relationship?
  • Simple?
  • Offer competitive advantage?
  • What made Allianz decide to completely support Flock financially?
  • Did it immediately create benefits on both sides of the partnership?
  • How was the customer base handled from both sides?
  • Did both companies already have their own customers or did the majority come from Allianz as it is the bigger more powerful company within this market?
  • Has it been more beneficial for one company than the other?
  • Have other partnerships been developed within the market by other companies in following this partnership Allianz and Flock have developed?
  • Exponential market growth available in drone insurance?
  • From developing this relationship do both companies now fundamentally rely on the other company in order to continue with business in this field.
  • Is the relationship co-dependent on a daily basis or does each company run separately?

Third Theme – Has the relationship ever come to the point where the partnership has been questioned going forward?

  • If so…
  • How have these issues been resolved?
  • Why did the issue arise in the first place?
  • Do you feel these issues have made the relationship between the companies stronger?
  • Have there been many conflicts that could have caused this and if so, how have these been handled successfully between both companies to maintain the relationship?
  • Was there ever an issue over the power balance within the relationship?

Are specific pieces of data (e.g., direct quotes) and more generalized statements (themes, theories) included in the report?

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Synopsis (12 pts.)

  1. What experience, situation, or subculture does the researcher want to understand?

The researchers are interested in finding out the best treatment and management method chronic fatigue syndrome.

  1. Does the researcher want to produce a description of an experience, or a social process, or an event, or is the goal to generate a theory?

The researchers intend to describe an experience.

  1. How was data collected?

The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study, where they consulted various publications of RCTs for patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome.

  1. How did the researcher control his or her biases and preconceptions?

Severely ill patients were excluded from the analysis, participants were not masked to treatment allocation. Also, outcomes were rated by participants. These ensured that the conclusions of the study would only reflect the experiences of the participants.

  1. Are specific pieces of data (e.g., direct quotes) and more generalized statements (themes, theories) included in the report?

 

Yes

  1. What are the main findings of the study? (10 Pts.)

The cross-sectional review suggested that there were beneficial effects to be realized from nutritional supplements, especially in CFS/ME patients with biochemically identified deficiency. Also, they suggested pacing to be the most rewarding intervention.

Credibility (18 pts.)

  1. Is the study published in a source that required

peer review?                                                                       Yes     No     Not Clear

yes

  1. Were the methods used appropriate to the study

purpose?                                                                             Yes     No     Not Clear

yes

  1. Were the methods used appropriate to the study

purpose?                                                                             Yes      No     Not Clear

yes

  1. Was the sampling of observations or interviews appropriate and varied enough to serve the purpose

of the study?                                                                       Yes          No          Not Clear

yes

  1. *Were data collection methods effective in

Reproduced with permission from: Brown, S. J. (2018). Evidence-based nursing: The research-practice connection (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

 

      2
                obtaining in-depth data?

yes

6. Did the data collection methods avoid the  possibility of oversight, underrepresentation,

  Yes  No  Not Clear
or overrepresentation from certain types of sources?

yes

7. Were data collection and analysis intermingled

  Yes  No  Not Clear
in dynamic way?

yes

8. *Is the data presented in ways that provide a  vivid portrayal of what was experience or

  Yes  No  Not Clear
happened and its context?

yes

9. *Does the data provided justify generalized

  Yes  No  Not Clear
statements, themes, or theory?  Yes  No  Not Clear

Yes

 

  1. ARE THE FINDGINGS CREDIBLE? All     Some    No

Clinical Significance (6 pts.)

  1. *Are the findings rich and informative?  All     Some    No

All

  1. *Is the perspective provided potentially useful in providing insight, support, or guidance for assessing

patient status or progress?                                                                All     Some    No  

All

* = Important criteria

Compare and contrast at least two approaches to measuring poverty (e.g. below 60% median income, minimum income standard, material deprivation, material deprivation & low income, multidimensional poverty, persistent poverty etc.).

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Compare and contrast at least two approaches to measuring poverty (e.g. below 60% median income, minimum income standard, material deprivation, material deprivation & low income, multidimensional poverty, persistent poverty etc.). Produce descriptive statistics to show how many and what kinds of people experience poverty using these measures from (the latest version of) at least one of the survey datasets we have been using in class (or any other survey dataset from https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/).
Background (500 words)

Short background literature review of concepts and measures of poverty. The bibliography is part of the marks for this section.
Methods (1,000 words)

A short outline of the survey you have used including: coverage; purpose; sample size and methodology.
A description of the poverty measures you are using, including their strengths and limitations. Provide summary information on the variable/s that make up your measure.
Results (1,000 words)

Produce appropriate descriptive statistics that might include, for example: mean, median, frequencies or proportions, crosstabulations, comparison of means etc. You will need to decide which measures are appropriate and useful to report.
Compare and contrast the findings from the two poverty measures; how do they differ?, why?, what is it about the measure of poverty that leads to different results? Explore this further with the data.

Use charts and/or tables to display your results where possible. Note that Tables/charts must be numbered. Only include those that you discuss/refer to. Including extraneous tables/charts is a sign of a poor assignment and will result in mark deduction. You may paste tables/charts directly from SPSS, or edit them (e.g. in Excel) before including them in your report: this editing choice is up to you.
All discussion should be written in full sentences, with any findings described as simply as possible. Neither charts nor tables count towards your total word length.
Conclusions (500 words)

Outline your most interesting findings. Discuss what, if anything, might you have done differently and how could you develop this analysis in the future. Discuss what your analysis brings to the existing literature on poverty.
Bibliography (it does not count towards the word limit)

Annex
You must include your SPSS syntax (it does not count towards the word limit).
I’ve included a past example paper of how it was structured and done for past dataset.
included dataset files you need.